量化和质性研究的超越:混合方法研究类型及应用
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摘要
混合方法研究是在一个独立研究中同时使用了量化和质性两种以上方法、手段或概念进行数据搜集或分析的一类研究。这种研究在使用量化和质性这两类方法时,有时会偏重于某一种方法,或只强调其中某一类方法。它不同于那种单纯的量化或质性研究,从方法学角度看,是一种综合性的研究取向。相比于量化研究和质性研究,混合方法在丰富实验参与者、验证工具有效性、评价干预效果、增加研究显著性等方面具有良好的应用价值。在具体应用中,混合方法研究的设计类型有多种。其中三角校正设计、嵌入式设计、解释式设计、探索式设计是较为流行的四种混合方法研究类型。有鉴于心理学研究的跨学科特点,以及研究内容的复杂性,在心理学等相关具体学科领域研究中,混合方法研究体现出广泛的应用空间。
Researches by mixed methods is a category of research which applies more than two kinds of quantitative and qualitative methods,means or concepts at the same time for data collection or analysis in an independent research. In such research,more weight will sometimes be given to either of the quantitative method and qualitative method when both of them are applied,or even,only one category of method is emphasized. Researches by mixed methods are different from pure quantitative or qualitative researches in that,from the perspective of methodology,they stand for a comprehensive research orientation. Compared with quantitative method and qualitative method, mixed methods bring the application value of enriching the participants of experiments,verifying the usefulness of tools,evaluating the effectiveness of intervention,advancing the visibility of researches and other aspects into positive play. In specific application,there are multiple design types for mixed-method researches,among which the triangle verification design,the embedded design,the explanatory design and exploratory design are the four relatively popular types of mixed-method researches. Considering the interdisciplinary feature and the complexity of psychological study,mixed-method researches has unfolded an extensive application possibility.
Researches by mixed methods is a category of research which applies more than two kinds of quantitative and qualitative methods,means or concepts at the same time for data collection or analysis in an independent research. In such research,more weight will sometimes be given to either of the quantitative method and qualitative method when both of them are applied,or even,only one category of method is emphasized. Researches by mixed methods are different from pure quantitative or qualitative researches in that,from the perspective of methodology,they stand for a comprehensive research orientation. Compared with quantitative method and qualitative method, mixed methods bring the application value of enriching the participants of experiments,verifying the usefulness of tools,evaluating the effectiveness of intervention,advancing the visibility of researches and other aspects into positive play. In specific application,there are multiple design types for mixed-method researches,among which the triangle verification design,the embedded design,the explanatory design and exploratory design are the four relatively popular types of mixed-method researches. Considering the interdisciplinary feature and the complexity of psychological study,mixed-method researches has unfolded an extensive application possibility.
引文
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[32]Morse J M.Evolving trends in qualitative research:advances in mixed-method design[J].Qualitative Health Research,2005,15(5):583-585.
[33]Tashakkori A,Creswell J W.The new era of mixed methods[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2007,1(1):3-7.
[34]Rahmani A,Merghati-Khoei E,Moghadam-Banaem L,et al.Development and psychometric evaluation of the premarital sexual behavior assessment scale for young women(PSAS-YW):an exploratory mixed method study[J].Reproductive Health,2014,11(43):1-7.
[35]徐建平.教师胜任力模型与测评研究[D].北京:北京师范大学,2004.
[2]周明洁,张建新.心理学研究方法中“质”与“量”的整合[J].心理科学进展,2008,16(1):163-168.
[3]卢志巍,段锦云.心理学研究方法的结构框架新探[J].心理学进展,2015,5(3):180-185.
[4]Koskey K L K,Sondergeld T A,Stewart V C,et al.Applying the mixed methods instrument development and construct validation process:the transformative experience questionnaire[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2016,12(1):95-122.
[5]Campbell D T,Fiske D W.Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix[J].Psychological Bulletin,1959,56(2):81-103.
[6]Creswell J W,Clark V P L.Designing and conducting mixed methods research[M].2nd ed.Washington DC:SAGEPublications Inc.,2010.
[7]Tashakkori A,Teddlie C.Mixed methodology:combining qualitative and quantitative approaches[M].Washington DC:SAGE Publications Inc.,1998.
[8]Denzin N K.Triangulation 2.0[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2012,6(2):80-88.
[9]陈向明.社会科学中的定性研究方法[J].中国社会科学,1996,(6):93-102.
[10]徐建平.教育科学研究的第三种范式---混合方法研究及应用案例分析[M]//蒋凯,沈文钦.北大讲座:教育卷第一辑.北京:北京大学出版社,2010:103-114.
[11]Fielding N.Triangulation and mixed methods designs;data integration with new research technologies[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2012,6(2):124-136.
[12]Torrance H.Triangulation,respondent validation,and democratic participation in mixed methods research[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2012,6(2):111-123.
[13]Onwuegbuzie A J,Bustamante R M,Nelson J A.Mixed research as a tool for developing quantitative instruments[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2010,4(1):56-78.
[14]Luyt R.A framework for mixing methods in quantitative measurement development,validation,and revision:a case study[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2012,6(4):294-316.
[15]Johnson R B.Toward a more inclusive“scientific research in education”[J].Educational Researcher,2009,38:449-457.
[16]Onwuegbuzie A J,Leech N L.Enhancing the interpretation of significant findings:the role of mixed methods research[J].Qualitative Report,2004,9(4):770-792.
[17]Collins K M T,Onwuegbuzie A J,Sutton I L.A model incorporating the rationale and purpose for conducting mixedmethods research in special education and beyond[J].Learning Disabilities:A Contemporary Journal,2006,4(1):67-100.
[18]Lincoln Y S,Guba E G.Naturalistic inquiry[M].California:SAGE Publications Inc.,1985.
[19]Bryman A.Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative research[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2007,1(1):8-22.
[20]Leedy P D,Ormrod J E.Practical research:planning and design[M].10th ed.New York:Pearson Education Inc.,2013.
[21]Greene J C,Caracelli V J,Graham W F.Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs[J].Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,1989,11(3):255-274.
[22]Morse J M.Approaches to qualitative-quantitative methodological triangulation[J].Nursing Research,1991,40(2):120-123.
[23]Creswell J W,Gutmann M,Plano Clark V L.Advanced mixed methods research designs[M]//Tashakkori A,Teddlie C.Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research.California:SAGE Publications Inc.,2003.209-240.
[24]Morgan D L.Practical strategies for combining qualitative and quantitative methods:applications to health research[J].Qualitative Health Research,1998,8(3):362-376.
[25]Oliver D P,Demiris G,Washington K,et al.Hospice family caregiver involvement in care plan meetings[J].American Journal of Hospice&Palliative Medicine,2017,34(9):849-859.
[26]Hussein A.The use of triangulation in social sciences research:can qualitative and quantitative methods be combined?[J].Journal of Comparative Social Work,2009,(1):1-12.
[27]Carter N,Bryant-Lukosius D,Di Censo A,et al.The use of triangulation in qualitative research[J].Oncology Nursing Forum,2014,41(5):545-547.
[28]Dickson V V,Lee C S,Riegel B.How do cognitive function and knowledge affect heart failure self-care?[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2011,5(2):167-189.
[29]赵健宇.面试中应聘者非言语行为库的建立[D].北京:北京师范大学,2016.
[30]Mao J.Social media for learning:a mixed methods study on high school students’ technology affordances and perspectives[J].Computers in Human Behavior,2014,33:213-223.
[31]陈基越.应聘者在人格测验中作假的反应过程[D].北京:北京师范大学,2015.
[32]Morse J M.Evolving trends in qualitative research:advances in mixed-method design[J].Qualitative Health Research,2005,15(5):583-585.
[33]Tashakkori A,Creswell J W.The new era of mixed methods[J].Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2007,1(1):3-7.
[34]Rahmani A,Merghati-Khoei E,Moghadam-Banaem L,et al.Development and psychometric evaluation of the premarital sexual behavior assessment scale for young women(PSAS-YW):an exploratory mixed method study[J].Reproductive Health,2014,11(43):1-7.
[35]徐建平.教师胜任力模型与测评研究[D].北京:北京师范大学,2004.