氟化物熔盐的制备及其应用进展
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摘要
氟化物熔盐具有高温稳定性好、热导率高、比热容大、电化学窗口宽、饱和蒸汽压低和中子吸收截面小等一系列优点,是一种具有广阔应用前景的重要功能材料。本文介绍了氟化物熔盐的典型制备及净化方法(如真空除水法、氟氢化铵法、H_2-HF净化法、电化学净化法、添加还原剂法),分析了不同方法去除熔盐中杂质离子的作用机制和技术特点。总结了氟化物熔盐在核能、冶金、功能材料制备、先进储能介质、表面处理技术、电子化学品、精细化工及熔盐电池材料等领域的应用及最新进展。突出了氟化物熔盐作为核反应堆冷却剂、熔盐电解质、高温储能材料及反应介质等方面的应用优势。指出了氟化物熔盐在制备及应用过程中存在的问题及发展趋势,并就其发展前景进行了展望。文章指出开展氟化物熔盐制备与纯化机制研究、探索氟化物熔盐净化过程中杂质的存在形式与迁移规律、阐明氟化物熔盐制备与净化机理、发展新的熔盐净化方法以减小熔盐的腐蚀性和降低成本对熔盐的工业化生产和应用至关重要。
Fluoride molten salt has many advantages,such as high temperature stability,high thermal conductivity,large heat capacity,wide electrochemical window,low saturated vapor pressure and small neutron absorption cross section. It is an important functional material which has found widespread applications. The typical preparation and purification methods of fluoride molten salt,including vacuum dehydration,fluorination using ammonium fluoride,H2-HF purification,electrochemical purification and reduction with metals,are introduced in detail. The mechanism and technical characteristics are analyzed for the different methods that are used to remove impure ions in molten salt. At the same time,the applications and progress of fluoride molten salts in nuclear energy,metallurgy,functional materials preparation,advanced energy storage medium,surface treatment technology,electronic chemicals,fine chemicals and molten salt battery materials are reviewed. The fluoride molten salts are mainly used as the nuclear reactor coolant,molten salt electrolyte,high temperature energy storage material and reaction medium. The existing problems in this area are also discussed. It is important to study and clarify the preparation and purification mechanism of fluoride molten salt,to explore the existence form and impurity migration nature in the process of fluoride purification,and to develop a new method for the purification of the molten salt to reduce its corrosion and cost.
Fluoride molten salt has many advantages,such as high temperature stability,high thermal conductivity,large heat capacity,wide electrochemical window,low saturated vapor pressure and small neutron absorption cross section. It is an important functional material which has found widespread applications. The typical preparation and purification methods of fluoride molten salt,including vacuum dehydration,fluorination using ammonium fluoride,H2-HF purification,electrochemical purification and reduction with metals,are introduced in detail. The mechanism and technical characteristics are analyzed for the different methods that are used to remove impure ions in molten salt. At the same time,the applications and progress of fluoride molten salts in nuclear energy,metallurgy,functional materials preparation,advanced energy storage medium,surface treatment technology,electronic chemicals,fine chemicals and molten salt battery materials are reviewed. The fluoride molten salts are mainly used as the nuclear reactor coolant,molten salt electrolyte,high temperature energy storage material and reaction medium. The existing problems in this area are also discussed. It is important to study and clarify the preparation and purification mechanism of fluoride molten salt,to explore the existence form and impurity migration nature in the process of fluoride purification,and to develop a new method for the purification of the molten salt to reduce its corrosion and cost.
引文
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