Comparison of sea surface wind field measured by HY-2A scatterometer and WindSat in global oceans
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摘要
In this study, we present a comprehensive comparison of the sea surface wind ?eld measured by scatterometer(Ku-band scatterometer) aboard the Chinese HY-2 A satellite and the full-polarimetric radiometer WindSat aboard the Coriolis satellite. The two datasets cover a four-year period from October2011 to September 2015 in the global oceans. For the sea surface wind speed, the statistical comparison indicates good agreement between the HY-2 A scatterometer and WindSat with a bias of nearly 0 m/s and a root mean square error(RMSE) of 1.13 m/s. For the sea surface wind direction, a bias of 1.41° and an RMSE of 20.39° were achieved after excluding the data collocated with opposing directions. Furthermore,discrepancies in sea surface wind speed measured by the two sensors in the global oceans were investigated.It is found that the larger dif ferences mainly appear in the westerlies in the both hemispheres. Both the bias and RMSE show latitude dependence, i.e., they have signi?cant latitudinal ?uctuations.
In this study, we present a comprehensive comparison of the sea surface wind ?eld measured by scatterometer(Ku-band scatterometer) aboard the Chinese HY-2 A satellite and the full-polarimetric radiometer WindSat aboard the Coriolis satellite. The two datasets cover a four-year period from October2011 to September 2015 in the global oceans. For the sea surface wind speed, the statistical comparison indicates good agreement between the HY-2 A scatterometer and WindSat with a bias of nearly 0 m/s and a root mean square error(RMSE) of 1.13 m/s. For the sea surface wind direction, a bias of 1.41° and an RMSE of 20.39° were achieved after excluding the data collocated with opposing directions. Furthermore,discrepancies in sea surface wind speed measured by the two sensors in the global oceans were investigated.It is found that the larger dif ferences mainly appear in the westerlies in the both hemispheres. Both the bias and RMSE show latitude dependence, i.e., they have signi?cant latitudinal fluctuations.
In this study, we present a comprehensive comparison of the sea surface wind ?eld measured by scatterometer(Ku-band scatterometer) aboard the Chinese HY-2 A satellite and the full-polarimetric radiometer WindSat aboard the Coriolis satellite. The two datasets cover a four-year period from October2011 to September 2015 in the global oceans. For the sea surface wind speed, the statistical comparison indicates good agreement between the HY-2 A scatterometer and WindSat with a bias of nearly 0 m/s and a root mean square error(RMSE) of 1.13 m/s. For the sea surface wind direction, a bias of 1.41° and an RMSE of 20.39° were achieved after excluding the data collocated with opposing directions. Furthermore,discrepancies in sea surface wind speed measured by the two sensors in the global oceans were investigated.It is found that the larger dif ferences mainly appear in the westerlies in the both hemispheres. Both the bias and RMSE show latitude dependence, i.e., they have signi?cant latitudinal fluctuations.
引文
Atlas R,Hoff man R N,Ardizzone J,Leidner S M,Jusem J C,Smith D K,Gombos D.2011.A cross-calibrated,multiplatform ocean surface wind velocity product for meteorological and oceanographic applications.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,92(2):157-174.
Bourassa M A,Legler D M,O’Brien J J,Smith S R.2003.SeaWinds validation with research vessels.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,108(C2):3 019.
Freilich M H,Dunbar R S.1999.The accuracy of the NSCAT1 vector winds:comparisons with National Data Buoy Center buoys.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,104(C5):11 231-11 246.
Gaiser P W,Germain K M S,Twarog E M,Poe G A,Purdy W,Richardson D,Grossman W,Jones W L,Spencer D,Golba G,Cleveland J,Choy L,Bevilacqua R M,Chang PS.2004.The WindSat spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer:sensor description and early orbit performance.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,42(11):2 347-2 361.
Hasager B,Mouche A,Badger M,Bing?i F,Karagali I,Driesenaar T,Stoff elen A,Pe?a A,LongépéN.2015.Off shore wind climatology based on synergetic use of Envisat ASAR,ASCAT and QuikSCAT.Remote Sensing of Environment,156:247-263.
Hersbach H,Stoff elen A,de Haan S.2007.An improved C‐band scatterometer ocean geophysical model function:CMOD5.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,112(C3):C03006.
Hersbach H.2010.Comparison of C-band scatterometer CMOD5.N equivalent neutral winds with ECMWF.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,27(4):721-736.
Jiang X W,Lin M S,Liu J Q,Zhang Y G,Xie X T,Peng H L,Zhou W.2012.The HY-2 satellite and its preliminary assessment.International Journal of Digital Earth,5(3):266-281.
Jiang X W,Song Q T.2010.A climatology of sea surface wind speed and wind stress fi elds constructed from scatterometer observations.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(6):83-90.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Mears A,Smith D K,Wentz F J.2001.Comparison of special sensor microwave imager and buoy-measured wind speeds from 1987 to 1997.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,106(C6):11 719-11 729.
Meissner T,Ricciardulli L,Wentz F.2011.All-weather wind vector measurements from intercalibrated active and passive microwave satellite sensors.In:IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.IEEE,Vancouver,BC,Canada,p.1 509-1 511.
Meissner T,Wentz F.2005.Ocean retrievals for WindSat:radiative transfer model,algorithm,validation.In:Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.IEEE,Seoul,South Korea,p.4 761-4 764.
Monaldo F M,Thompson D R,Pichel W G,Clemente-Colón P.2004.A systematic comparison of QuikSCAT and SARocean surface wind speeds.IEEE Transaction s o n Geoscience and Remote Sensing,42(2):283-291.
OSI SAF.2014-10-02.NSCAT-4 geophysical model function.http://projects.knmi.nl/scatterometer/nscat_gmf/.
Quilfen Y,Chapron B,Elfouhaily T,Katsaros K,Tournadre J.1998.Observation of tropical cyclones by high-resolution scatterometry.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,103(C4):7 767-7 786.
Ricciardulli L,Wentz F J.2015.A scatterometer geophysical model function for climate-quality winds:quikSCAT Ku-2011.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,32(10):1 829-1 846.
Ricciardulli L.2016-04-04.ASCAT on MetOp-A data product update notes.4 April 2016,http://images.remss.com/papers/rsstech/2016_040416_RSS_ASCAT_V2_update.pdf.
Stoff elen A,Anderson D.1997.Scatterometer data interpretation:measurement space and inversion.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,14(6):1 298-1 313.
Stoff elen A,Verspeek J A,Vogelzang J,Verhoef A.2017.The CMOD7 geophysical model function for ASCAT and ERS wind retrievals.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,10(5):2 123-2 134.
Valkonen T,Schyberg H,Figa-Salda?a J.2017.Assimilating advanced scatterometer winds in a high-resolution limited area model over northern Europe.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,10(5):2 394-2 405.
Verhoef A,Vogelzang J,Verspeek J,Stoff elen A.2017.Longterm scatterometer wind climate data records.IEEEJournal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,10(5):2 186-2 194.
Verspeek J,Stoff elen A,Portabella M,Bonekamp H,Anderson C,Saldana J F.2010.Validation and Calibration of ASCAT Using CMOD5.n.IEEE Transaction s on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,48(1):386-395.
Vogelzang J,Stoff elen A,Verhoef A,Figa-Salda?a J.2011.On the quality of high-resolution scatterometer winds.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,116(C10):C10033.
Wang H,Zhu J H,Lin M S,Huang X Q,Zhao Y L,Chen C T,Zhang Y G,Peng H L.2013.First six months quality assessment of HY-2A SCAT wind products using in situ measurements.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(11):27-33.
Wang Z X,Stoff elen A,Zhao C F,Vogelzang J,Verhoef A,Verspeek J,Lin M S,Chen G.2017.An SST-dependent Ku-band geophysical model function for RapidScat.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,122(4):3 461-3 480.
Wentz F J,Meissner T,Smith D.2005.Evaluation of microwave scatterometers and radiometers as satellite anemometers.In:Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.IEEE,Seoul,South Korea,p.3 310-3 313.
Wentz F J.1990.SBIR phase II report:west coast storm forecasting with SSM/I.Tech.Rep.033190,Santa Rosa,CA:Remote Sensing Systems.
Wentz F J.2015.A 17-yr climate record of environmental parameters derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Microwave Imager.Journal of Climate,28(17):6 882-6 902.
Wu Q,Chen G.2015.Validation and intercomparison of HY-2A/MetOp-A/Oceansat-2 scatterometer wind products.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,33(5):1 181-1 190.
Yang X F,Li X F,Pichel W G,Li Z W.2011.Comparison of ocean surface winds from ENVISAT ASAR,Metop ASCAT scatterometer,buoy measurements,and NOGAPSmodel.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,49(12):4 743-4 750.
Yang X F,Liu G H,Li Z W,Yu Y.2014.Preliminary validation of ocean surface vector winds estimated from China’s HY-2A scatterometer.International Journal of Remote Sensing,35(11-12):4 532-4 543.
Yuan X J.2004.High-wind-speed evaluation in the Southern Ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmosphere s,109(D13):D13101.
Bourassa M A,Legler D M,O’Brien J J,Smith S R.2003.SeaWinds validation with research vessels.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,108(C2):3 019.
Freilich M H,Dunbar R S.1999.The accuracy of the NSCAT1 vector winds:comparisons with National Data Buoy Center buoys.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,104(C5):11 231-11 246.
Gaiser P W,Germain K M S,Twarog E M,Poe G A,Purdy W,Richardson D,Grossman W,Jones W L,Spencer D,Golba G,Cleveland J,Choy L,Bevilacqua R M,Chang PS.2004.The WindSat spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer:sensor description and early orbit performance.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,42(11):2 347-2 361.
Hasager B,Mouche A,Badger M,Bing?i F,Karagali I,Driesenaar T,Stoff elen A,Pe?a A,LongépéN.2015.Off shore wind climatology based on synergetic use of Envisat ASAR,ASCAT and QuikSCAT.Remote Sensing of Environment,156:247-263.
Hersbach H,Stoff elen A,de Haan S.2007.An improved C‐band scatterometer ocean geophysical model function:CMOD5.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,112(C3):C03006.
Hersbach H.2010.Comparison of C-band scatterometer CMOD5.N equivalent neutral winds with ECMWF.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,27(4):721-736.
Jiang X W,Lin M S,Liu J Q,Zhang Y G,Xie X T,Peng H L,Zhou W.2012.The HY-2 satellite and its preliminary assessment.International Journal of Digital Earth,5(3):266-281.
Jiang X W,Song Q T.2010.A climatology of sea surface wind speed and wind stress fi elds constructed from scatterometer observations.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(6):83-90.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Mears A,Smith D K,Wentz F J.2001.Comparison of special sensor microwave imager and buoy-measured wind speeds from 1987 to 1997.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,106(C6):11 719-11 729.
Meissner T,Ricciardulli L,Wentz F.2011.All-weather wind vector measurements from intercalibrated active and passive microwave satellite sensors.In:IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.IEEE,Vancouver,BC,Canada,p.1 509-1 511.
Meissner T,Wentz F.2005.Ocean retrievals for WindSat:radiative transfer model,algorithm,validation.In:Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.IEEE,Seoul,South Korea,p.4 761-4 764.
Monaldo F M,Thompson D R,Pichel W G,Clemente-Colón P.2004.A systematic comparison of QuikSCAT and SARocean surface wind speeds.IEEE Transaction s o n Geoscience and Remote Sensing,42(2):283-291.
OSI SAF.2014-10-02.NSCAT-4 geophysical model function.http://projects.knmi.nl/scatterometer/nscat_gmf/.
Quilfen Y,Chapron B,Elfouhaily T,Katsaros K,Tournadre J.1998.Observation of tropical cyclones by high-resolution scatterometry.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,103(C4):7 767-7 786.
Ricciardulli L,Wentz F J.2015.A scatterometer geophysical model function for climate-quality winds:quikSCAT Ku-2011.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,32(10):1 829-1 846.
Ricciardulli L.2016-04-04.ASCAT on MetOp-A data product update notes.4 April 2016,http://images.remss.com/papers/rsstech/2016_040416_RSS_ASCAT_V2_update.pdf.
Stoff elen A,Anderson D.1997.Scatterometer data interpretation:measurement space and inversion.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,14(6):1 298-1 313.
Stoff elen A,Verspeek J A,Vogelzang J,Verhoef A.2017.The CMOD7 geophysical model function for ASCAT and ERS wind retrievals.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,10(5):2 123-2 134.
Valkonen T,Schyberg H,Figa-Salda?a J.2017.Assimilating advanced scatterometer winds in a high-resolution limited area model over northern Europe.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,10(5):2 394-2 405.
Verhoef A,Vogelzang J,Verspeek J,Stoff elen A.2017.Longterm scatterometer wind climate data records.IEEEJournal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,10(5):2 186-2 194.
Verspeek J,Stoff elen A,Portabella M,Bonekamp H,Anderson C,Saldana J F.2010.Validation and Calibration of ASCAT Using CMOD5.n.IEEE Transaction s on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,48(1):386-395.
Vogelzang J,Stoff elen A,Verhoef A,Figa-Salda?a J.2011.On the quality of high-resolution scatterometer winds.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,116(C10):C10033.
Wang H,Zhu J H,Lin M S,Huang X Q,Zhao Y L,Chen C T,Zhang Y G,Peng H L.2013.First six months quality assessment of HY-2A SCAT wind products using in situ measurements.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(11):27-33.
Wang Z X,Stoff elen A,Zhao C F,Vogelzang J,Verhoef A,Verspeek J,Lin M S,Chen G.2017.An SST-dependent Ku-band geophysical model function for RapidScat.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,122(4):3 461-3 480.
Wentz F J,Meissner T,Smith D.2005.Evaluation of microwave scatterometers and radiometers as satellite anemometers.In:Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.IEEE,Seoul,South Korea,p.3 310-3 313.
Wentz F J.1990.SBIR phase II report:west coast storm forecasting with SSM/I.Tech.Rep.033190,Santa Rosa,CA:Remote Sensing Systems.
Wentz F J.2015.A 17-yr climate record of environmental parameters derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Microwave Imager.Journal of Climate,28(17):6 882-6 902.
Wu Q,Chen G.2015.Validation and intercomparison of HY-2A/MetOp-A/Oceansat-2 scatterometer wind products.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,33(5):1 181-1 190.
Yang X F,Li X F,Pichel W G,Li Z W.2011.Comparison of ocean surface winds from ENVISAT ASAR,Metop ASCAT scatterometer,buoy measurements,and NOGAPSmodel.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,49(12):4 743-4 750.
Yang X F,Liu G H,Li Z W,Yu Y.2014.Preliminary validation of ocean surface vector winds estimated from China’s HY-2A scatterometer.International Journal of Remote Sensing,35(11-12):4 532-4 543.
Yuan X J.2004.High-wind-speed evaluation in the Southern Ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmosphere s,109(D13):D13101.