办公建筑内部负荷扰量特性与计算方法
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摘要
随着建筑围护结构保温性能的逐步提高,以室内人员为代表的内部因素已成为影响建筑负荷的重要不确定性因素,内部负荷扰量(简称内扰)在空调负荷设计中的重要性需要被强调。通过对两栋办公建筑的实地测试发现,办公建筑中人员在室率普遍只有设计人数的40%～60%,设备的实际功率也远低于20 W/m~2的概算指标,过大的经验值是造成机组选型偏大的重要原因。重新思考标准中的人员密度系数和设备使用密度系数,以人为核心将建筑内扰负荷结合起来,提出"代表人"的内扰负荷计算方法,并对案例建筑的负荷设计进行修正。相比最大实测冷负荷,修正后的设计冷负荷富余率均在10%以内。
With the improvement of the thermal insulation performance of building envelop,the influence of internal factors represented by occupant behavior have become the most important uncertain factors that impact cooling loads and energy consumption.With field test,it was found that the practical occupancy rate in the office buildings was only 40%～60%of that the cooling design condition and the power intensity of office equipment was also lower than 20 W/m~2.Oversized chillers were also related with over-estimated occupancy rate and equipment power intensity. With reconsideration of these coefficients,the"representative cooling load"was proposed to replace the separated occupant and equipment cooling loads,and modified the cooling results of the case buildings.Comparing with the maximum measured cooling load during testing period,assurance rate of modified cooling load were more than 90%.
With the improvement of the thermal insulation performance of building envelop,the influence of internal factors represented by occupant behavior have become the most important uncertain factors that impact cooling loads and energy consumption.With field test,it was found that the practical occupancy rate in the office buildings was only 40%～60%of that the cooling design condition and the power intensity of office equipment was also lower than 20 W/m~2.Oversized chillers were also related with over-estimated occupancy rate and equipment power intensity. With reconsideration of these coefficients,the"representative cooling load"was proposed to replace the separated occupant and equipment cooling loads,and modified the cooling results of the case buildings.Comparing with the maximum measured cooling load during testing period,assurance rate of modified cooling load were more than 90%.
引文
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[2]WANG Z X,ZHAO J.Optimization of passive envelop energy efficient measures for office buildings in different climate regions of China based on modified sensitivity analysis[J].Sustainability,2018,10(4):907.
[3]PéREZ-LOMBARD L,ORTIZ J,POUT C.A review on buildings energy consumption information[J].Energy and Buildings,2008,40(3):394-398.
[4]王烨,孙鹏宝,付银安,等.不同建筑热工分区办公建筑外围护结构负荷指标影响因素权重[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2017,39(1):7-12.WANG Y,SUN P B,FU Y A,et al.Analysis on the weight of the indices of factors affecting the heat and cold load for office buildings in different climate zones[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural&Environmental Engineering,2017,39(1):7-12.(in Chinese)
[5]DING Y,WANG Z X,FENG W,et al.Influence of occupancy-oriented interior cooling load on building cooling load design[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,96:411-420.
[6]ZHAO H X,MAGOULèS F.A review on the prediction of building energy consumption[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(6):3586-3592.
[7]YAN D,O’BRIEN W,HONG T Z,et al.Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation:Current state and future challenges[J].Energy and Buildings,2015,107:264-278.
[8]KWOK S S K,LEE E W M.A study of the importance of occupancy to building cooling load in prediction by intelligent approach[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2011,52(7):2555-2564.
[9]JIA M D,SRINIVASAN R S,RAHEEM A A.From occupancy to occupant behavior:An analytical survey of data acquisition technologies,modeling methodologies and simulation coupling mechanisms for building energy efficiency[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017,68:525-540.
[10]NGUYEN T A,AIELLO M.Energy intelligent buildings based on user activity:A survey[J].Energy and Buildings,2013,56:244-257.
[11]LóPEZ-RODRíGUEZ M A,SANTIAGO I,TRILLO-MONTERO D,et al.Analysis and modeling of active occupancy of the residential sector in Spain:An indicator of residential electricity consumption[J].Energy Policy,2013,62:742-751.
[12]WANG Z X,DING Y.An occupant-based energy consumption prediction model for office equipment[J].Energy and Buildings,2015,109:12-22.
[13]VIROTE J,NEVES-SILVA R.Stochastic models for building energy prediction based on occupant behavior assessment[J].Energy and Buildings,2012,53:183-193.
[14]CASTILLO L,ENRíQUEZ R,JIMéNEZ M J,et al.Dynamic integrated method based on regression and averages,applied to estimate the thermal parameters of a room in an occupied office building in Madrid[J].Energy and Buildings,2014,81:337-362.
[15]DING Y,ZHANG Q,WANG Z X,et al.A simplified model of dynamic interior cooling load evaluation for office buildings[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,108:1190-1199.
[16]WANG Z X,DING Y,DENG H Y,et al.An occupant-oriented calculation method of building interior cooling load design[J].Sustainability,2018,10:1821;doi:10.3390/su10061821.
[17]DING Y,ZHANG Q,YUAN T H.Research on shortterm and ultra-short-term cooling load prediction models for office buildings[J].Energy and Buildings,2017,154:254-267.
[18]陆耀庆.实用供热空调设计手册[M].2版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007:1560-1561.LU Y Q.Handbook of heating and air-conditioning design[M].2nd edition.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2007:1560-1561.(in Chinese)
[19]住房和城乡建设部,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.公共建筑节能设计标准:GB 50189―2015[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development,Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine.Design standard for energy efficiency of public buildings GB 50189-2015[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2015.
[20]王朝霞.办公建筑内部负荷扰量的特性分析与能耗预测[D].天津:天津大学,2014.WANG Z X.Research on interior load characteristics and energy consumption prediction of office buildings[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2014.(in Chinese)
[21]陈友明.空调冷负荷计算方法的发展现状与挑战[J].暖通空调,2017,47(3):1-7,47.CHEN Y M.Development and challenges of cooling load calculation method for air conditioning systems[J].Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2017,47(3):1-7,47.(in Chinese)
[22]田胜元,李百战.空调负荷的动态分析与设计负荷[J].重庆建筑工程学院学报,1988,10(3):27-35.TIAN S Y,LI B Z.Air-conditioning load dynamic analysis and design load[J].Journal of Chongqing Architecture University,1988,10(3):27-35.(in Chinese)