秸秆还田量和类型对土壤氮及氮组分构成的影响
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摘要
秸秆还田可以补充作物生长所需的营养元素,也是提升土壤质量、构建肥沃耕层的关键措施.为揭示长期稻麦秸秆还田对土壤氮组分变化的影响,选取了江苏太湖地区稻田土壤为研究对象,设置了稻麦秸秆均不还田(NRW)、麦秆还田+稻秆不还田(W)、稻秆还田+麦秆不还田(R)、稻麦秸秆均半量还田(HRW)和稻麦秸秆均全量还田(ARW)共5个处理,研究秸秆还田量和秸秆类型对土壤全氮及氮组分构成变化的影响.结果表明:与2007年相比,2017年除NRW处理外,其他处理土壤全氮和重组氮都增加,稻秆还田处理土壤全氮和重组氮含量最高;所有处理土壤轻组分有机质中氮含量都下降,ARW处理土壤轻组分有机质中氮含量下降最多,为8.09 g·kg~(-1);各处理间碱解氮没有明显差异;秸秆还田处理10年后,稻秆还田处理硝态氮和铵态氮含量均最高.秸秆是土壤氮素的重要物质来源,增加效果取决于秸秆类型和还田量.轻组分有机质中的氮含量变化对秸秆还田反应更敏感,重组氮相对稳定,是维持土壤肥力的关键组分,随着秸秆还田时间的延长,土壤全氮与氮组分之间的相关关系发生变化.稻秆全量还田+麦秆不还田更有利于提升土壤氮素水平.
Straw returning to soil can supplement soil nutrients required for crop growth, fertilize soil, and improve soil quality. To explore the long-term effect of straw returning on soil total nitrogen and its composition, herein, five treatments including no rice straw + no wheat straw returning(NRW), no rice straw + all wheat straw returning(W), all rice straw + no wheat straw returning(R), half rice straw + half wheat straw returning(HRW), and all rice straw + all wheat straw returning(ARW) were conducted in triplicate in Taihu Lake region, China. The effects of both straw amount and type were examined. Compared with the results obtained in 2007, the results herein obtained in 2017 showed that after 10 years of straw returning, soil total nitrogen and heavy fraction nitrogen increased, while light fraction organic matter decreased. Among the five treatments, ARW had the largest decrease in light fraction nitrogen of 8.09 g·kg~(-1); the R treatment had the highest contents of both total and heavy fraction nitrogen, and also the highest contents of ammonium and nitrate. There was no significant difference in alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen among the five treatments. These results indicated that crop straw was the critical material source for soil nitrogen, and that the effects of straw returning on soil nitrogen depended on the type and amount of crop straw returned to soil. The changes of light fraction nitrogen were more sensitive to straw returning, while the heavy fraction nitrogen was relatively stable, which was the key fraction sustaining soil fertility. With the prolonging of straw returning, the relationship between the total nitrogen and diffe-rent nitrogen components changed. The processing manner of all rice straw returning + no wheat straw returning was the way that could most significantly enhance soil nitrogen content.
Straw returning to soil can supplement soil nutrients required for crop growth, fertilize soil, and improve soil quality. To explore the long-term effect of straw returning on soil total nitrogen and its composition, herein, five treatments including no rice straw + no wheat straw returning(NRW), no rice straw + all wheat straw returning(W), all rice straw + no wheat straw returning(R), half rice straw + half wheat straw returning(HRW), and all rice straw + all wheat straw returning(ARW) were conducted in triplicate in Taihu Lake region, China. The effects of both straw amount and type were examined. Compared with the results obtained in 2007, the results herein obtained in 2017 showed that after 10 years of straw returning, soil total nitrogen and heavy fraction nitrogen increased, while light fraction organic matter decreased. Among the five treatments, ARW had the largest decrease in light fraction nitrogen of 8.09 g·kg~(-1); the R treatment had the highest contents of both total and heavy fraction nitrogen, and also the highest contents of ammonium and nitrate. There was no significant difference in alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen among the five treatments. These results indicated that crop straw was the critical material source for soil nitrogen, and that the effects of straw returning on soil nitrogen depended on the type and amount of crop straw returned to soil. The changes of light fraction nitrogen were more sensitive to straw returning, while the heavy fraction nitrogen was relatively stable, which was the key fraction sustaining soil fertility. With the prolonging of straw returning, the relationship between the total nitrogen and diffe-rent nitrogen components changed. The processing manner of all rice straw returning + no wheat straw returning was the way that could most significantly enhance soil nitrogen content.
引文
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[2] Shan H-X (单鹤翔), Lu C-A (卢昌艾), Zhang J-T (张金涛), et al. Effect of maize straw applied with N fertilizer on nitrogen adsorption of winter wheat under different soil fertility. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Sciences (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(1): 35-41 (in Chinese)
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[4] Li XG, Jia B, Lv JT, et al. Nitrogen fertilization decreases the decomposition of soil organic matter and plant residues in planted soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2017, 112: 47-55
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[7] Singh G, Bhattacharyya R, Das TK, et al. Crop rotation and residue management effects on soil enzyme activities, glomalin and aggregate stability under zero tillage in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil and Tillage Research, 2018, 184: 291-300
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[11] Houshyar E, Esmailpour M. The impacts of tillage, fertilizer and residue managements on the soil properties and wheat production in a semi-arid region of Iran. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 2018, Doi: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
[12] Mu XY, Zhao YL, Liu K, et al. Responses of soil pro-perties, root growth and crop yield to tillage and crop residue management in a wheat-maize cropping system on the North China Plain. European Journal of Agronomy, 2016, 78: 32-43
[13] Huang S, Zeng YJ, Wu JF, et al. Effect of crop residue retention on rice yield in China: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 2013, 154: 188-194
[14] Li J (李锦), Tian X-H (田霄鸿), Wang S-X (王少霞), et al. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on crop yields, soil nitrate nitrogen and carbon contents with straw returning. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2014, 42(1): 137-143 (in Chinese)
[15] Niu D (牛东). Effects of Full Rice Straw Returning on Soil Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Wheat. Master Thesis. Yangzhou: Yangzhou University, 2017 (in Chinese)
[16] Zenebe A, Getachew A, Lulseged T. Effects of tillage and crop residue management on runoff, soil loss and crop yield in the humid highlands of Ethiopia. Agricultural Systems, 2019, 168: 11-18
[17] Bengtsson G, Bengtson P, Mansson KF. Gross nitrogen mineralization-, immobilization-, and nitrification rates as a function of soil C/N ratio and microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2003, 35: 143-154
[18] Li W-G (李文革), Li Q (李倩), He X-X (贺小香). Progress in straw mulching research. Hunan Agricultural Sciences (湖南农业科学), 2006(1): 46-48 (in Chinese)
[19] Dalal RC, Allen DE, Wang WJ, et al. Organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in a Vertisol following 40 years of no-tillage, crop residue retention and nitrogen fertilization. Soil and Tillage Research, 2011, 112: 133-139
[20] Bakht J, Shafi M, Tariq Jan M, et al. Influence of crop residue management, cropping system and N fertilizer on soil N and C dynamics and sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009, 104: 233-240
[21] Lu R-K (鲁如坤). Soil and Agricultural Chemisry Analysis. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[22] Syam KD, Wang JJ, Delaune RD. Characterization of labile organic carbon in coastal wetland soils of the Mississippi River deltaic plain: Relationships to carbon functionalities. Science of the Total Environment, 2012, 435-436: 151-158
[23] Dong L-L (董林林), Zhang H-D (张海东), Yu D-S (于东升), et al. Effect of cultivation and irrigation with sediment laden Yellow River water on SOM composition in profile depth. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2017, 54(33): 613-623 (in Chinese)
[24] Chen JH, Gong YZ, Wang SQ, et al. To burn or return crop residue on croplands? An integrated analysis of crop residue management in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 662: 1141-1150
[25] Zhao SC, Li KJ, Zhou W, et al. Changes in soil microbial community, enzyme activities and organic matter fractions under long-term straw return in north-central China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2016, 216: 82-88
[26] Liao P, Huang S, van Gestel NC, et al. Liming and straw retention interact to increase nitrogen uptake and grain yield in a double rice-cropping system. Field Crops Research, 2018, 216: 217-224
[27] Arcanda MM, Helgason BL, Lemke RL. Microbial crop residue decomposition dynamics in organic and conventionally managed soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 2016, 107: 347-359
[28] Yang Y-D (杨亚东), Song R-K (宋润科), Zhao J (赵杰), et al. Effects of long-term different fertilization regimes on the abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizers in paddy soils. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(11): 3829-3837 (in Chinese)
[29] Xie Z-H (谢志煌), Li Y-S (李彦生), Yu Z-H (于镇华), et al. Impacts of residue return on nitrogen utilization in crops: A review. Soils and Crops (土壤与作物), 2016, 5(4): 261-268 (in Chinese)
[30] Zhao M-M (赵蒙蒙), Jiang M (姜曼), Zhou Z-W (周祚万). The components analysis of several kinds of agricultural residues. Materials Review (材料导报), 2011, 25(8): 122-125 (in Chinese)
[31] Huang T-M (黄婷苗), Zheng X-F (郑险峰), Wang Z-H (王朝辉). Nitrogen release of returned maize straw and its effects on loess N supply and nitrogen uptake by winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(14): 2785-2795 (in Chinese)
[32] Salazar O, Balboa L, Peralta K, et al. Effect of cover crops on leaching of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon in a maize-cover crop rotation in Mediterranean Central Chile. Agricultural Water Management, 2019, 212: 399-406
[33] Cong R-H (丛日环), Zhang L (张丽), Lu Y-H (鲁艳红), et al. Adsorption-desorption characteristics of soil ammonium under long-term straw returning condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(2): 380-388 (in Chinese)
[2] Shan H-X (单鹤翔), Lu C-A (卢昌艾), Zhang J-T (张金涛), et al. Effect of maize straw applied with N fertilizer on nitrogen adsorption of winter wheat under different soil fertility. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Sciences (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(1): 35-41 (in Chinese)
[3] Li J, Yang H, Zhou F, et al. Effect of maize residue return rate on nitrogen transformations and gaseous losses in an arable soil. Agricultural Water Management, 2019, 211: 132-141
[4] Li XG, Jia B, Lv JT, et al. Nitrogen fertilization decreases the decomposition of soil organic matter and plant residues in planted soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2017, 112: 47-55
[5] Murphy RP, Montes-Molina JA, Govaerts B, et al. Crop residue retention enhances soil properties and nitrogen cycling in smallholder maize systems of Chiapas, Mexico. Applied Soil Ecology, 2016, 103: 110-116
[6] Wang J, Sun N, Xu MG, et al. The influence of long-term animal manure and crop residue application on abiotic and biotic N immobilization in an acidified agricultural soil. Geoderma, 2019, 337: 710-717
[7] Singh G, Bhattacharyya R, Das TK, et al. Crop rotation and residue management effects on soil enzyme activities, glomalin and aggregate stability under zero tillage in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil and Tillage Research, 2018, 184: 291-300
[8] Mwafulirwa LD, E Baggs LM, Russell J, et al. Combined effects of rhizodeposit C and crop residues on SOM priming, residue mineralization and N supply in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2017, 113: 35-44
[9] Pinheiro MEF, Boas de Campos DV, de Carvalho Balieiro F, et al. Tillage systems effects on soil carbon stock and physical fractions of soil organic matter. Agricultural Systems, 2015, 132: 35-39
[10] Li X-H (李新华), Guo H-H (郭洪海), Zhu Z-L (朱振林), et al. Effects of different straw return modes on contents of soil organic carbon and fractions of soil active carbon. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricul-tural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2016, 32(9): 130-135 (in Chinese)
[11] Houshyar E, Esmailpour M. The impacts of tillage, fertilizer and residue managements on the soil properties and wheat production in a semi-arid region of Iran. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 2018, Doi: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
[12] Mu XY, Zhao YL, Liu K, et al. Responses of soil pro-perties, root growth and crop yield to tillage and crop residue management in a wheat-maize cropping system on the North China Plain. European Journal of Agronomy, 2016, 78: 32-43
[13] Huang S, Zeng YJ, Wu JF, et al. Effect of crop residue retention on rice yield in China: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 2013, 154: 188-194
[14] Li J (李锦), Tian X-H (田霄鸿), Wang S-X (王少霞), et al. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on crop yields, soil nitrate nitrogen and carbon contents with straw returning. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2014, 42(1): 137-143 (in Chinese)
[15] Niu D (牛东). Effects of Full Rice Straw Returning on Soil Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Wheat. Master Thesis. Yangzhou: Yangzhou University, 2017 (in Chinese)
[16] Zenebe A, Getachew A, Lulseged T. Effects of tillage and crop residue management on runoff, soil loss and crop yield in the humid highlands of Ethiopia. Agricultural Systems, 2019, 168: 11-18
[17] Bengtsson G, Bengtson P, Mansson KF. Gross nitrogen mineralization-, immobilization-, and nitrification rates as a function of soil C/N ratio and microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2003, 35: 143-154
[18] Li W-G (李文革), Li Q (李倩), He X-X (贺小香). Progress in straw mulching research. Hunan Agricultural Sciences (湖南农业科学), 2006(1): 46-48 (in Chinese)
[19] Dalal RC, Allen DE, Wang WJ, et al. Organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in a Vertisol following 40 years of no-tillage, crop residue retention and nitrogen fertilization. Soil and Tillage Research, 2011, 112: 133-139
[20] Bakht J, Shafi M, Tariq Jan M, et al. Influence of crop residue management, cropping system and N fertilizer on soil N and C dynamics and sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009, 104: 233-240
[21] Lu R-K (鲁如坤). Soil and Agricultural Chemisry Analysis. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[22] Syam KD, Wang JJ, Delaune RD. Characterization of labile organic carbon in coastal wetland soils of the Mississippi River deltaic plain: Relationships to carbon functionalities. Science of the Total Environment, 2012, 435-436: 151-158
[23] Dong L-L (董林林), Zhang H-D (张海东), Yu D-S (于东升), et al. Effect of cultivation and irrigation with sediment laden Yellow River water on SOM composition in profile depth. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2017, 54(33): 613-623 (in Chinese)
[24] Chen JH, Gong YZ, Wang SQ, et al. To burn or return crop residue on croplands? An integrated analysis of crop residue management in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 662: 1141-1150
[25] Zhao SC, Li KJ, Zhou W, et al. Changes in soil microbial community, enzyme activities and organic matter fractions under long-term straw return in north-central China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2016, 216: 82-88
[26] Liao P, Huang S, van Gestel NC, et al. Liming and straw retention interact to increase nitrogen uptake and grain yield in a double rice-cropping system. Field Crops Research, 2018, 216: 217-224
[27] Arcanda MM, Helgason BL, Lemke RL. Microbial crop residue decomposition dynamics in organic and conventionally managed soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 2016, 107: 347-359
[28] Yang Y-D (杨亚东), Song R-K (宋润科), Zhao J (赵杰), et al. Effects of long-term different fertilization regimes on the abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizers in paddy soils. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(11): 3829-3837 (in Chinese)
[29] Xie Z-H (谢志煌), Li Y-S (李彦生), Yu Z-H (于镇华), et al. Impacts of residue return on nitrogen utilization in crops: A review. Soils and Crops (土壤与作物), 2016, 5(4): 261-268 (in Chinese)
[30] Zhao M-M (赵蒙蒙), Jiang M (姜曼), Zhou Z-W (周祚万). The components analysis of several kinds of agricultural residues. Materials Review (材料导报), 2011, 25(8): 122-125 (in Chinese)
[31] Huang T-M (黄婷苗), Zheng X-F (郑险峰), Wang Z-H (王朝辉). Nitrogen release of returned maize straw and its effects on loess N supply and nitrogen uptake by winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(14): 2785-2795 (in Chinese)
[32] Salazar O, Balboa L, Peralta K, et al. Effect of cover crops on leaching of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon in a maize-cover crop rotation in Mediterranean Central Chile. Agricultural Water Management, 2019, 212: 399-406
[33] Cong R-H (丛日环), Zhang L (张丽), Lu Y-H (鲁艳红), et al. Adsorption-desorption characteristics of soil ammonium under long-term straw returning condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(2): 380-388 (in Chinese)