宋代内侍体系构建考论
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摘要
宋代内侍制度的构建分为机构与人员两个方面。内侍机构经历了从宋初内班院、内中高品班院分立到真宗时入内、内侍两省的定型。内侍人员在中晚唐五代全面宦官化的转变基础上进一步加速了官僚化,经历了真宗景德年间对中高级内侍人员的官阶、编制、职位等方面的制度建设,最终在徽宗政和改制之后形成了特色鲜明的内侍十二阶官体系,实现了中高级内侍官与中低级内侍等级序列的区隔。宋人通过构建二分化的内侍体系,将内侍群体提供服务内容的不同直接体现在了内侍机构的设置和人员的官僚化安排上。这一制度设计,体现了既保留内侍作为皇帝亲密私人的特殊身份又实现内外臣僚能升进均一制度理念的双重意图。
The internal service system in the Song Dynasty is established from two aspects: organization and personnel. The internal organization system has seen the progress from the division of Inner School and high-level School in early Song Dynasty to the stereotype of Middle School and High School in the reign of Emperor Zhenzong. The internal personnel system has accelerated its process of bureaucratization on the basis of the transformation of the eunuch system in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. The distinctive 12-level official system of internal personnel has been finalized in the reign of Emperor Huizong after witnessing system construction of ranks, number, and positions of the junior and senior internal servants during the Jingde years of Emperor Zhenzong for the realization of separation between the junior and senior internal service officers. The dichotomy system of internal service in Song Dynasty vividly shows the diverse services provided by different organization and staffs in terms of their duties within the system, which also reflects special relationship of internal service staffs as the emperor' s personal intimacy. The dichotomy system could also ensure a balance between internal and external service staffs in their future promotion.
The internal service system in the Song Dynasty is established from two aspects: organization and personnel. The internal organization system has seen the progress from the division of Inner School and high-level School in early Song Dynasty to the stereotype of Middle School and High School in the reign of Emperor Zhenzong. The internal personnel system has accelerated its process of bureaucratization on the basis of the transformation of the eunuch system in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. The distinctive 12-level official system of internal personnel has been finalized in the reign of Emperor Huizong after witnessing system construction of ranks, number, and positions of the junior and senior internal servants during the Jingde years of Emperor Zhenzong for the realization of separation between the junior and senior internal service officers. The dichotomy system of internal service in Song Dynasty vividly shows the diverse services provided by different organization and staffs in terms of their duties within the system, which also reflects special relationship of internal service staffs as the emperor' s personal intimacy. The dichotomy system could also ensure a balance between internal and external service staffs in their future promotion.
引文
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[2][元]脱脱,等.宋史[M].北京:中华书局,1977.
[3][宋]高承.事物纪原[M].[明]李果订.北京:中华书局,1989.
[4][清]徐松.宋会要辑稿[M].北京:中华书局,1957.
[5][元]马端临.文献通考[M].北京:中华书局,1986。
[6]龚延明.宋代官制辞典[M].北京:中华书局,1997.
[7][宋]欧阳修.新五代史[M].北京:中华书局,1975.
[8]赵冬梅.唐五代供奉官考[J].中国史研究,2000,(1).
[9][后晋]刘昫,等.旧唐书[M].北京:中华书局,1975.
[10]邓小南.掩映之间———宋代尚书内省管窥[A].邓小南,曹家齐,平田茂树.文书·政令·信息沟通[C].北京:北京大学出版社,2012.
[11][宋]李心传.建炎以来系年要录[M].北京:中华书局,1956.
[12][宋]李焘.续资治通鉴长编[M].北京:中华书局,2004.
[13][日]友永植.寄班祗候考[J].别府大学史学论丛,1989,(19).
[14][宋]佚名.宋大诏令集[M].北京:中华书局,1962.
[15]赵冬梅.文武之间:北宋武选官研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.
[16]赵晨昕.唐代宦官权力的制度解析———以宦官墓志及敦煌本记室备要为中心[D].北京:首都师范大学博士学位论文,2012.