御控藩部的依托——清前期甘肃在清朝绥定青海蒙古中的作用
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摘要
甘肃镇为明朝西三边之一,也是明代九边最西侧的边镇,边地属性甚深。明清鼎革之后,原明边镇如大同等地边地属性逐步下降,甘肃地区也设立了布政司,成为直省地区,管辖范围有所变化。但总体而言,清前期甘肃一地依然面临来自边外特别是青海蒙古的威胁,故甘肃保留了一定的边地属性。也因此,清朝在甘肃维修了长城,并通过加强边储来预备边外局势。同时,为御控甘肃边内外,清朝在甘肃宁夏、凉州、庄浪设立了驻防八旗,成为清朝绥定青海蒙古的依托。甘肃绿营的调整也同青海蒙古局势相关,甘肃绿营是清朝御控青海蒙古的重要力量。此外,西宁办事大臣驻扎在甘肃而非青海蒙古腹地,显示了甘肃一地在清朝御控青海蒙古上的独特地位和作用。
Gansu once was one of the three western frontiers in Ming Dynasty, and the west side region among the nine borderlands,its marginal feature is very clear. After Ming Dynasty, the marginal characteristic of frontier towns decreased, such as Tatong, Gansu set up the chief secretary as well,its governing regions changed a little. In general, Gansu was still facing the threatens from Mongolians of Qinghai, so its marginal features was kept as before. Also for the same reason, the central government built the Great Wall there, and rienforced the military storage for any changes of situation. The Qing Dynasty also set up the garrison of Eight Banners in Gansu, Ningxia, Zhuanglang and Liangzhou, which was the supporting of controlling Qinghai Mongolians. The change of Gansu green camp that was the important force of controlling was also related with the situation. Besides this, the Xining amban quartered in Gansu not in Qinghai, it reflected the particular function of Gansu at that time.
Gansu once was one of the three western frontiers in Ming Dynasty, and the west side region among the nine borderlands,its marginal feature is very clear. After Ming Dynasty, the marginal characteristic of frontier towns decreased, such as Tatong, Gansu set up the chief secretary as well,its governing regions changed a little. In general, Gansu was still facing the threatens from Mongolians of Qinghai, so its marginal features was kept as before. Also for the same reason, the central government built the Great Wall there, and rienforced the military storage for any changes of situation. The Qing Dynasty also set up the garrison of Eight Banners in Gansu, Ningxia, Zhuanglang and Liangzhou, which was the supporting of controlling Qinghai Mongolians. The change of Gansu green camp that was the important force of controlling was also related with the situation. Besides this, the Xining amban quartered in Gansu not in Qinghai, it reflected the particular function of Gansu at that time.
引文
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[3][6][8]张永江.清代藩部研究[M].黑龙江:黑龙江教育出版社,2001:80~96.260.260.
[4][5]清朝文献通考(文渊阁四库全书第638册)[Z].台湾:商务印书馆,1986:243.
[7]马汝珩,马大正.清代的边疆政策[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994:61.
[9][14]穆彰阿.大清一统志(续修四库全书第624册)[Z].上海:上海古籍出版社,2003:641.642.
[10]清世祖实录,卷三六(顺治五年二月丙戌条)[Z].北京:中华书局,1985:294.
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[16]一档馆.奏为甘省边防备战关系甚重请谕令总督鄂弥达赴京面询沿边应酌事宜事[A]//乾隆朝朱批奏折[C].档号:04-01-01-0040-013.
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