施肥对旱地胡麻耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响
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摘要
为了合理调控胡麻生产过程中氮、磷配施水平,以"陇亚杂1号"为试验材料,研究了不同施肥处理对旱地胡麻耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验设2个施氮(纯N)水平:75kg/hm~2(N_1),150kg/hm~2(N_2);2个施磷(纯P_2O_5)水平:75kg/hm~2(P_1),150kg/hm~2(P_2),共4个施肥处理(N_1P_1,N_1P_2,N_2P_1和N_2P_2),以不施氮磷肥为对照(N_0P_0)。结果表明:2013年胡麻的农田耗水量随着施肥量的增加而增加,2014年随着施肥水平增加至N2P1时,耗水量达到高峰,较N_2P_2处理显著增加10.23%;与N0P0处理相比,各施肥处理100—200cm土层的耗水量明显增加13.03~19.36mm。在胡麻现蕾至盛花期,2013年各施肥处理在此阶段的耗水量随着施肥量的增加而增加,而2014年以N_2P_1处理的阶段耗水量最大,较N_0P_0,N_2P_2处理分别显著增加19.25%和17.87%,说明氮磷配施有利于促进胡麻根系对土壤水分的吸收,尤其是深层贮水的利用,以满足胡麻生育后期的水分需求。两个生长季,胡麻的籽粒产量均表现为N_2P_1>N_2P_2>N_1P_2>N_1P_1>N_0P_0,且N_2P_1的籽粒产量显著高于N_0P_0处理44.27%~56.55%。胡麻的水分利用效率与籽粒产量的变化趋势基本一致,各施肥处理中以N_2P_1处理的最大,N_2P_2的次之,分别比N_0P_0处理显著增加30.23%~38.54%,20.50%~36.81%。可见,在本试验区同等肥力土壤条件下,氮磷施用量分别为150kg/hm~2,75kg/hm~2的高氮低磷配施(N_2P_1)是旱地胡麻高产节肥的最佳施肥处理。
In order to regulate the combined application levels of N and P reasonably in the process of Linum usitatissimum L.production,field experiment in dry land was conducted to elucidate the effects of fertilization on water consumption characteristic,grain yield and water use efficiency of Linum usitatissimum L.which was ‘Longyaza 1',thereby providing theoretical reference for fertilizer application of rain-fed Linum usitatissimum L.in hilly area of the Loess Plateau.Four fertilizer application treatments were 2nitrogen levels:N_1(75kg/hm~2)and N_2(150kg/hm~2),and 2phosphorus levels:P_1(75kg/hm~2)and P_2(150kg/hm~2),which were marked for N_1P_1,N_1P_2,N_2P_1,N_2P_2,and the control(N_0P_0)was without nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer.The results indicated that total water consumption rose with increase of the application amounts of N and P in 2013,reached the peak as the fertilization increased to the level of N_2P_1 in 2014and markedly enhanced by 10.23% than N_2P_2 which was the maximum rate of fertilizer.Compared with the N_0P_0,the water consumption at depth of 100—200cm of soil obviously increased by 13.03~19.36 mm.Besides,water consumption at the budding to full-flowering periods had a sharp increase with the amount of fertilization in2013,whereas the N_2P_1 was the most in 2014 and significantly enhanced by 19.25% and 17.87% than theN_0P_0 and N_2P_2,respectively.These results indicated that combined application of N and P could improve the absorption of soil moisture,especially for deep soil water,to meet the water requirement of Linum usitatissimum L.in later growth period.In addition,the grain yield of Linum usitatissimum L.decreased in the order:N_2P_1>N_2P_2>N_1P_2>N_1P_1>N_0P_0,and yield of N_2P_1 was 44.27%~56.55% higher compared the N_0P_0.The changes of water use efficiency was fairly consistent with grain yield,and the N_2P_1 was the largest,followed by the N_2P_2 under different fertilizations,which were raised by 30.23%~38.54% and 20.50%~36.81%,respectively,compared with the treatment of N_0P_0.As far as saving-fertilizer and high-yield were concerned in the experiment,the most appropriate fertilizer treatment for recommendation was the one which had 150kg/hm~2(N)and 75kg/hm~2(P_2O_5)for rain-fed Linumusitatissimum L.under the climate conditions of the experimental area.
In order to regulate the combined application levels of N and P reasonably in the process of Linum usitatissimum L.production,field experiment in dry land was conducted to elucidate the effects of fertilization on water consumption characteristic,grain yield and water use efficiency of Linum usitatissimum L.which was ‘Longyaza 1',thereby providing theoretical reference for fertilizer application of rain-fed Linum usitatissimum L.in hilly area of the Loess Plateau.Four fertilizer application treatments were 2nitrogen levels:N_1(75kg/hm~2)and N_2(150kg/hm~2),and 2phosphorus levels:P_1(75kg/hm~2)and P_2(150kg/hm~2),which were marked for N_1P_1,N_1P_2,N_2P_1,N_2P_2,and the control(N_0P_0)was without nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer.The results indicated that total water consumption rose with increase of the application amounts of N and P in 2013,reached the peak as the fertilization increased to the level of N_2P_1 in 2014and markedly enhanced by 10.23% than N_2P_2 which was the maximum rate of fertilizer.Compared with the N_0P_0,the water consumption at depth of 100—200cm of soil obviously increased by 13.03~19.36 mm.Besides,water consumption at the budding to full-flowering periods had a sharp increase with the amount of fertilization in2013,whereas the N_2P_1 was the most in 2014 and significantly enhanced by 19.25% and 17.87% than theN_0P_0 and N_2P_2,respectively.These results indicated that combined application of N and P could improve the absorption of soil moisture,especially for deep soil water,to meet the water requirement of Linum usitatissimum L.in later growth period.In addition,the grain yield of Linum usitatissimum L.decreased in the order:N_2P_1>N_2P_2>N_1P_2>N_1P_1>N_0P_0,and yield of N_2P_1 was 44.27%~56.55% higher compared the N_0P_0.The changes of water use efficiency was fairly consistent with grain yield,and the N_2P_1 was the largest,followed by the N_2P_2 under different fertilizations,which were raised by 30.23%~38.54% and 20.50%~36.81%,respectively,compared with the treatment of N_0P_0.As far as saving-fertilizer and high-yield were concerned in the experiment,the most appropriate fertilizer treatment for recommendation was the one which had 150kg/hm~2(N)and 75kg/hm~2(P_2O_5)for rain-fed Linumusitatissimum L.under the climate conditions of the experimental area.
引文
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[16]廖允成,韩思明,温晓霞.黄土台塬旱地小麦土壤水分特征及水分利用效率研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(3):55-58.
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[18]王殿武,刘树庆.高寒半干旱区春小麦田施肥及水肥耦合效应研究[J].中国农业科学,1999,32(5):62-68.
[19]王晓峰,田霄鸿,陈自惠,等.不同覆盖施肥措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦土壤水分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(5):1105-1111.
[20]郭胜利,吴金水,郝明德,等.长期施肥对NO-3-N深层累积和土壤剖面中水分分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(1):75-78.
[21]吴海卿,杨传福.以肥调水提高水分利用效率的生物学机制研究[J].灌溉排水,1998,17(4):6-10.
[22]张冬梅,池宝亮,张伟,等.不同降水年型施肥量对旱地玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2012,21(7):84-90.
[23]刘庚山,郭安红,任三学,等.人工控制有限供水对冬小麦根系生长及土壤水分利用的影响[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2342-2352.
[24]安顺清,刘庚山.冬小麦底墒供水特征研究[J].应用气象学报,2000,11(A06):119-127.
[25]郭天文,谢永春,张平良,等.不同种植和施肥方式对旱地春玉米土壤水分含量及其水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):231-238.
[26]杜红霞,吴普特,冯浩,等.氮磷肥配施对夏玉米土壤含水量及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(3):12-15.
[27]杨文,周涛.氮磷配施对旱地春小麦水分利用效率及水肥交互作用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(5):10-16.
[2]王立为,潘志华,高西宁,等.不同施肥水平对旱地马铃薯水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2012,17(2):54-58.
[3]李立科,吕向贤.在渭北一年一熟的旱地农区改引水灌溉为就地开发[J].陕西农业科学,2011(2):126-129.
[4]刘文国,张建昌,曹卫贤,等.旱地小麦不同栽培条件对土壤水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2006,15(5):47-51.
[5]郭胜利,党廷辉,郝明德.施肥对半干旱地区小麦产量,NO-3-N累积和水分平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(4):754-760.
[6]刘德平,杨械青,史海滨,等.氮磷配施条件下作物产量及水肥利用效率[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(4):902-909.
[7]党廷辉.施肥对旱地冬小麦水分利用效率的影响[J].生态农业研究,1999,7(2):28-31.
[8]张仁涉,李小刚,胡恒觉.施肥对提高旱地农田水分利用效率的机理[J].植物营养和肥料学报,1999,5(3):221-226.
[9]党占海,张建平.我国亚麻产业现状及发展对策[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2004.
[10]崔红艳,胡发龙,方子森,等.不同施氮水平对胡麻根系形态和氮素利用的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(5):694.
[11]索全义,郝虎林,索风兰.磷钾化肥对胡麻产量形成的影响[J].内蒙古农业科技,2001(S3):18-19.
[12]谢亚萍,李爱荣,闫志利,等.不同供磷水平对胡麻磷素养分转运分配及其磷肥效率的影响[J].草业学报,2014,23(1):158-166.
[13]令鹏.密度和氮磷施用量对旱地胡麻产量的影响[J].甘肃农业科技,2010(9):34-35.
[14]魏景云,高炳德.旱地油用亚麻优化施肥研究[J].中国油料作物学报,1998,20(4):46-50.
[15]崔红艳,许维成,孙毓民,等.施用有机肥对土壤水分,胡麻产量和品质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):307-312.
[16]廖允成,韩思明,温晓霞.黄土台塬旱地小麦土壤水分特征及水分利用效率研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(3):55-58.
[17]江晓东,李增嘉,侯连涛,等.少免耕对灌溉农田冬小麦/夏玉米作物水,肥利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(7):20-24.
[18]王殿武,刘树庆.高寒半干旱区春小麦田施肥及水肥耦合效应研究[J].中国农业科学,1999,32(5):62-68.
[19]王晓峰,田霄鸿,陈自惠,等.不同覆盖施肥措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦土壤水分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(5):1105-1111.
[20]郭胜利,吴金水,郝明德,等.长期施肥对NO-3-N深层累积和土壤剖面中水分分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(1):75-78.
[21]吴海卿,杨传福.以肥调水提高水分利用效率的生物学机制研究[J].灌溉排水,1998,17(4):6-10.
[22]张冬梅,池宝亮,张伟,等.不同降水年型施肥量对旱地玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2012,21(7):84-90.
[23]刘庚山,郭安红,任三学,等.人工控制有限供水对冬小麦根系生长及土壤水分利用的影响[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2342-2352.
[24]安顺清,刘庚山.冬小麦底墒供水特征研究[J].应用气象学报,2000,11(A06):119-127.
[25]郭天文,谢永春,张平良,等.不同种植和施肥方式对旱地春玉米土壤水分含量及其水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):231-238.
[26]杜红霞,吴普特,冯浩,等.氮磷肥配施对夏玉米土壤含水量及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(3):12-15.
[27]杨文,周涛.氮磷配施对旱地春小麦水分利用效率及水肥交互作用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(5):10-16.