调亏灌溉对绿洲灌区膜下滴灌辣椒生长发育和产量的影响
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摘要
为探明不同调亏灌溉对绿洲灌区辣椒全生育期生长和产量形成的作用机理,于2017年采用大田试验研究了调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌辣椒生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响。以全生育期充分灌水(75%～85%田间持水量θ_f)为对照,设置不同调亏灌溉处理:苗期轻度水分亏缺(65%～75%θ_f)WD1,苗期中度水分亏缺(55%～65%θ_f)WD2,苗期重度水分亏缺(45%～55%θ_f)WD3,苗期轻度水分亏缺-后果期轻度水分亏缺WD4,苗期中度水分亏缺-后果期轻度水分亏缺WD5,苗期重度水分亏缺-后果期轻度水分亏缺WD6,测定了各水分处理下的辣椒不同生育期生长指标(株高、叶面积指数和根冠比)及其产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:在辣椒苗期进行一定程度的水分胁迫均会抑制辣椒株高和叶面积的生长,其中WD2和WD3在后果期株高、叶面积指数分别比对照减小18.0%～37.4%和22.6%～54.6%,差异均显著(P<0.05,下同);WD2的根冠比在后果期较对照处理显著增加14.97%;WD1对辣椒产量影响不显著,WD2和WD3与对照处理相比分别显著减产了4.3%和17.2%。全生育期辣椒耗水量受水分调亏程度影响较大,耗水量随调亏程度增大与对照处理相比减小0.7%～19.8%;WD5的水分利用效率最高,为139.47 kg·mm·hm~(-2),产量达34 746.12 kg·hm~(-2);后果期进行轻度调亏不影响辣椒株高和叶面积指数,且在不减产的情况下水分利用效率提高9.20%。因此,苗期施加中度水分调亏,后果期施加轻度水分调亏,其他阶段进行充分灌溉是实现绿洲灌区辣椒节水、高产高效栽培的一种较优灌溉方式。
To ascertain the mechanisms of the pepper production under regulated deficit irrigation(RDI) during the growth season, we conducted an experiment with full irrigation(75%～85% field water capacity of θ_f) as the contrast, irrigation at different reduced levels: mild water deficit in seedling stage(65%～75% of θ_f) as WD1, moderate water deficit in seedling stage(55%～65% of θ_f) as WD2, severe water deficit in seedling stage(45%～55% of θ_f) as WD3, mild water deficit in seedling stage-mild water deficit in later fruit period as WD4, moderate water deficit in seedling stage-mild water deficit in later fruit period as WD5, and severe water deficit in seedling stage-mild water deficit in later fruit period as WD6. The growth indexes(plant height, leaf area index, and root crown ratio) and the yield and water use efficiency of pepper were determined. The results showed that the growth of plant height and leaf area were inhibited by the different RDI treatments at seedling stage; The plant height reduced by 18.0%～37.4% and the leaf area index decreased by 22.6%～54.6% of WD2 and WD3 significantly compared to CK respectively in the later fruit stage(P<0.05, the same below). The treatment with moderate WD2 at seedling stage made the root-shoot ratio of pepper increase by 14.97% significiantly than CK at the whole pepper growing season. WD1 treatment had no significant influence on pepper yield; WD2 and WD3 treatments decreased 4.3% of yield and 17.2% of yield, respectively. The water consumption of pepper in different growing stages reduced by 0.7%～19.8% than CK during the whole growth period. The WUE of WD5 was the highest(139.47 kg·mm·hm~(-2)), and its yield was 34 746.12 kg·hm~(-2). The plant height and leaf area index of pepper were not affected by the mild water deficit in later fruit stage, and the water use efficiency increased by 9.20% without yield reduction. Therefore, applying moderate water deficit(55%～65% of θ_f) during seedling period and applying mild water deficit(65%～75% of θ_f)during later fruit and full irrigation at other period was a better irrigation technique to achieve water-saving, high-yield and high-efficient pepper cultivation in oasis region.
To ascertain the mechanisms of the pepper production under regulated deficit irrigation(RDI) during the growth season, we conducted an experiment with full irrigation(75%～85% field water capacity of θ_f) as the contrast, irrigation at different reduced levels: mild water deficit in seedling stage(65%～75% of θ_f) as WD1, moderate water deficit in seedling stage(55%～65% of θ_f) as WD2, severe water deficit in seedling stage(45%～55% of θ_f) as WD3, mild water deficit in seedling stage-mild water deficit in later fruit period as WD4, moderate water deficit in seedling stage-mild water deficit in later fruit period as WD5, and severe water deficit in seedling stage-mild water deficit in later fruit period as WD6. The growth indexes(plant height, leaf area index, and root crown ratio) and the yield and water use efficiency of pepper were determined. The results showed that the growth of plant height and leaf area were inhibited by the different RDI treatments at seedling stage; The plant height reduced by 18.0%～37.4% and the leaf area index decreased by 22.6%～54.6% of WD2 and WD3 significantly compared to CK respectively in the later fruit stage(P<0.05, the same below). The treatment with moderate WD2 at seedling stage made the root-shoot ratio of pepper increase by 14.97% significiantly than CK at the whole pepper growing season. WD1 treatment had no significant influence on pepper yield; WD2 and WD3 treatments decreased 4.3% of yield and 17.2% of yield, respectively. The water consumption of pepper in different growing stages reduced by 0.7%～19.8% than CK during the whole growth period. The WUE of WD5 was the highest(139.47 kg·mm·hm~(-2)), and its yield was 34 746.12 kg·hm~(-2). The plant height and leaf area index of pepper were not affected by the mild water deficit in later fruit stage, and the water use efficiency increased by 9.20% without yield reduction. Therefore, applying moderate water deficit(55%～65% of θ_f) during seedling period and applying mild water deficit(65%～75% of θ_f)during later fruit and full irrigation at other period was a better irrigation technique to achieve water-saving, high-yield and high-efficient pepper cultivation in oasis region.
引文
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[6] 张世彪,李松,牛珂平,等.甘肃秦王川灌区农业节水途径探讨[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(1):270-275.
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[11] 卢育华,蔬菜栽培学各论(北方本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:85-88.
[12] 王峰,杜太生,邱让建.调亏灌溉对温室辣椒产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响[C]//中国农业工程学会.现代节水高效农业与生态灌区建设(上).昆明:云南大学出版社,2010:454-462.
[13] 黄海霞.干旱荒漠区辣椒耗水规律及对调亏灌溉的响应[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2012.
[14] 王世杰,张恒嘉,杨晓婷,等.水分胁迫及复水对绿洲膜下滴灌辣椒动态生长、产量及水分利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(4):215-224.
[15] 尉元明,朱丽霞,周跃武,等.河西走廊水资源利用现状与节水灌溉工程分析[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(4):22-26.
[16] 王家保,林秋金,叶水德,等.5种测量热带果树单叶面积的方法研究[J].热带农业科学,2003,23(1):11-14,23.
[17] 卢美英,潘介春.枇杷叶面积测定方法的研究[J].福建果树,2003,(1):1-3.
[18] 柏军华,王克如,初振东,等.叶面积测定方法的比较研究[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(2):216-218.
[19] 方锋,黄占斌,俞满源.保水剂与水分控制对辣椒生长及水分利用效率的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2):78-81.
[20] Ledoigt G,Griffaut B,Debiton E,et al.Analysis of secreted protease inhibitors after water stress in potato tubers[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2006,38(3-5):0-271.
[21] 王秀康,李占斌,邢英英.覆膜和施肥对玉米产量和土壤温度、硝态氮分布的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):884-897.
[22] 雷舜,王抄抄,黄炎,等,分蘖期控制灌溉对土温及水稻干物质积累等的影响[J].华北农学报,2016,31(2):153-158.
[23] 丁端锋,蔡焕杰,王健,等.玉米苗期调亏灌溉的复水补偿效应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(3):64-67.
[24] 付秋实,李红岭,崔健,等.水分胁迫对辣椒光合作用及相关生理特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(5):1859-1866.
[25] 张爱民,杨红,耿广东.干旱胁迫对辣椒幼苗形态指标的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2011,39(10):54-56.
[26] Boland A M,Mitchell P D,Jerie P H.The effect of regulated deficit irrigation on water use and growth of peach[J].Journal of Horticultural Science,1993,68(2):261-264.
[27] 王树声,李春俭,梁晓芳,等.施氮水平对烤烟根冠平衡及氮素积累与分配的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):935-939.
[28] 邵光成,刘娜,陈磊.温室辣椒时空亏缺灌溉需水特性与产量的试验[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(4):117-121.
[29] 欧立军,陈波,邹学校.干旱对辣椒光合作用及相关生理特性的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(8):2612-2619.
[30] 胡文海,曹玉林,曾建军,等.高温干旱对不同品种辣椒生长及呼吸作用的影响[J].植物研究,2008,28(2):199-204.
[31] 程明,周继华,安顺伟,等.不同灌溉方式对辣椒生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2011,(Z1):92-95.
[32] 刘晓建,谢小玉,薛兰兰.辣椒开花结果期对干旱胁迫响应机制的研究[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(5):246-249.
[33] 樊廷录,杨珍,王建华,等.灌水时期和灌水量对甘肃河西玉米制种产量和水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(5):1-6.
[34] 吴普特,冯浩.中国节水农业发展战略初探[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(6):152-157.
[35] 王会肖,刘昌明.作物水分利用效率内涵及研究进展[J].水科学进展,2000,11(1):99-104.
[36] 张恒嘉,李晶.绿洲膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯光合生理特性与水分利用[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(10):143-151.
[37] 郭相平,刘才良,邵孝侯,等.调亏灌溉对玉米需水规律和水分生产效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(3):92-96.
[2] 康绍忠,蔡焕杰.作物根系分区交替灌溉和调亏灌溉的理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002:152-158.
[3] 山仑,徐萌.节水农业及其生理生态基础[J].应用生态学报,1991,2(1):70-76.
[4] 肖亮.浅谈膜下滴灌技术的应用现状及优点[J].农业科技与信息,2015,(7):66-67.
[5] 刘佳,张玲丽,颉建明,等.干旱气候条件下灌溉方式与灌水定额对辣椒生长的影响[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(2):373-381.
[6] 张世彪,李松,牛珂平,等.甘肃秦王川灌区农业节水途径探讨[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(1):270-275.
[7] Chalmers D J,Mitchell P D,Vanheek L.Control of peach-tree growth and productivity by regulated water-supply,tree density,and summer pruning[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,1981,106(3):307-312.
[8] Mitchel P D,Chalmers D J,Jerie P H,et al.The use of initial with holding of irrigation and tree spacing to enhance the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on pear trees[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,1986,111(6):858-861.
[9] Marshell J,Girona J.Regulationship between leaf water potential and gas exchange activity at different phonological periods and fruitloads in peach trees[J].Journal of the American Society Horticultural Science,1997,122(3):415-421.
[10] 郭松年,丁林,王福霞.作物调亏灌溉理论与技术研究进展及发展趋势[J].中国农村水利水电,2009,(8):12-16.
[11] 卢育华,蔬菜栽培学各论(北方本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:85-88.
[12] 王峰,杜太生,邱让建.调亏灌溉对温室辣椒产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响[C]//中国农业工程学会.现代节水高效农业与生态灌区建设(上).昆明:云南大学出版社,2010:454-462.
[13] 黄海霞.干旱荒漠区辣椒耗水规律及对调亏灌溉的响应[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2012.
[14] 王世杰,张恒嘉,杨晓婷,等.水分胁迫及复水对绿洲膜下滴灌辣椒动态生长、产量及水分利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(4):215-224.
[15] 尉元明,朱丽霞,周跃武,等.河西走廊水资源利用现状与节水灌溉工程分析[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(4):22-26.
[16] 王家保,林秋金,叶水德,等.5种测量热带果树单叶面积的方法研究[J].热带农业科学,2003,23(1):11-14,23.
[17] 卢美英,潘介春.枇杷叶面积测定方法的研究[J].福建果树,2003,(1):1-3.
[18] 柏军华,王克如,初振东,等.叶面积测定方法的比较研究[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(2):216-218.
[19] 方锋,黄占斌,俞满源.保水剂与水分控制对辣椒生长及水分利用效率的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2):78-81.
[20] Ledoigt G,Griffaut B,Debiton E,et al.Analysis of secreted protease inhibitors after water stress in potato tubers[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2006,38(3-5):0-271.
[21] 王秀康,李占斌,邢英英.覆膜和施肥对玉米产量和土壤温度、硝态氮分布的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):884-897.
[22] 雷舜,王抄抄,黄炎,等,分蘖期控制灌溉对土温及水稻干物质积累等的影响[J].华北农学报,2016,31(2):153-158.
[23] 丁端锋,蔡焕杰,王健,等.玉米苗期调亏灌溉的复水补偿效应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(3):64-67.
[24] 付秋实,李红岭,崔健,等.水分胁迫对辣椒光合作用及相关生理特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(5):1859-1866.
[25] 张爱民,杨红,耿广东.干旱胁迫对辣椒幼苗形态指标的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2011,39(10):54-56.
[26] Boland A M,Mitchell P D,Jerie P H.The effect of regulated deficit irrigation on water use and growth of peach[J].Journal of Horticultural Science,1993,68(2):261-264.
[27] 王树声,李春俭,梁晓芳,等.施氮水平对烤烟根冠平衡及氮素积累与分配的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):935-939.
[28] 邵光成,刘娜,陈磊.温室辣椒时空亏缺灌溉需水特性与产量的试验[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(4):117-121.
[29] 欧立军,陈波,邹学校.干旱对辣椒光合作用及相关生理特性的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(8):2612-2619.
[30] 胡文海,曹玉林,曾建军,等.高温干旱对不同品种辣椒生长及呼吸作用的影响[J].植物研究,2008,28(2):199-204.
[31] 程明,周继华,安顺伟,等.不同灌溉方式对辣椒生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2011,(Z1):92-95.
[32] 刘晓建,谢小玉,薛兰兰.辣椒开花结果期对干旱胁迫响应机制的研究[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(5):246-249.
[33] 樊廷录,杨珍,王建华,等.灌水时期和灌水量对甘肃河西玉米制种产量和水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(5):1-6.
[34] 吴普特,冯浩.中国节水农业发展战略初探[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(6):152-157.
[35] 王会肖,刘昌明.作物水分利用效率内涵及研究进展[J].水科学进展,2000,11(1):99-104.
[36] 张恒嘉,李晶.绿洲膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯光合生理特性与水分利用[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(10):143-151.
[37] 郭相平,刘才良,邵孝侯,等.调亏灌溉对玉米需水规律和水分生产效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(3):92-96.