肩水金关汉简所见“从者”探析
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摘要
"从者"是汉代社会中普遍存在且数量不菲的一种群体身份的称谓。从汉简记载可知,"从者"是吏士等私人所雇佣的随从,故而又常被称为"私从者"或"私从"。"从者"多以青少年为主,具有户籍,可拥有爵位,是国家的编户民。"从者"以协助雇主完成公私事务为职事,并经常随从其一起因公差旅、参与各种具体事务的处理,有效地促进了行政效率和质量的提高。在边塞屯守系统中,"从者"被视为戍吏的家属成员,由政府统一配给廪食。对"从者"的探析,有助于更全面地分析边郡屯戍人口的构成与了解汉代社会关系与社会结构。
"Congzhe" refers to a common group of people because they often acted as attendants employed privately by officials and scholars, also known as "Si congzhe" or "Si cong." Most of them are youths who had permanent domiciles and could have a title of nobility. They were written into the household register. They not only assisted their employers in finishing their official or private business, but also traveled with their employers and participated in the management of different affairs, thus effectively improving the efficiency and quality of administrative work. In the frontier garrisons, " congzhe" refers to soldiers' family members, and they got supplies from the government. This study will help better understand the composition of the frontier population and its social structure in the Han Dynasty.
"Congzhe" refers to a common group of people because they often acted as attendants employed privately by officials and scholars, also known as "Si congzhe" or "Si cong." Most of them are youths who had permanent domiciles and could have a title of nobility. They were written into the household register. They not only assisted their employers in finishing their official or private business, but also traveled with their employers and participated in the management of different affairs, thus effectively improving the efficiency and quality of administrative work. In the frontier garrisons, " congzhe" refers to soldiers' family members, and they got supplies from the government. This study will help better understand the composition of the frontier population and its social structure in the Han Dynasty.
引文
[1]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962:3084.
[2]范晔.后汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1965:1259.
[3]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,1959:2537.
[4]汪桂海.汉代官文书制度[M].南宁:广西教育出版社,1999:204.
[5]李天虹.居延汉简簿籍分类研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:39.
[6]饶宗颐,李均明.敦煌汉简编年考证[M].台北:新文丰出版公司,1995:103.
[7]陈梦家.汉简缀述[M].北京:中华书局,1980:146.
[8]胡平生,张德芳.敦煌悬泉汉简释粹[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2001:131.
[9]高村武幸著,杨振红译.关于汉代材官、骑士的身份[C]//简帛研究2004.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2006:458.
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[14]王彦辉.从张家山汉简看西汉时期私奴婢的社会地位[J].东北师大学报,2003(2):14.
[15]张家山二四七号汉墓竹简整理小组.张家山汉墓竹简(释文修订本)[M].北京:文物出版社,2006:30.
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[18]李继闵.九章算术校证[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1993:434.
[19]魏征,等.群书治要[M].北京:商务印书馆,1936:788.
[20]甘肃省文物考古研究所.敦煌研究:下册[M].北京:中华书局,1991:67-92.
[21]徐扬杰.居延汉简廪名籍所记口粮的标准和性质[J].江汉论坛,1993(2):71.
[22]邵正坤.汉代边郡军粮廪给问题探讨[J].南都学坛,2005(3):14.
①甘肃简牍保护研究中心、甘肃省文物考古研究所、甘肃省博物馆、中国文化遗产研究院古文献研究室、中国社会科学院简帛研究中心编《肩水金关汉简(壹)》,中西书局,2011年;《肩水金关汉简(贰)》,中西书局,2012年。本文分别简称“《金(壹)》”与“《金(贰)》”。因行文中所引简文众多,故不再一一注明页码,只详细转引释文号。以下类同。
②甘肃省文物考古研究所编《敦煌汉简》,中华书局,1991年。本文简称“《敦》”。
③胡平生、张德芳编撰《敦煌悬泉汉简释粹》,上海古籍出版社出版,2001年。本文简称“《悬泉》”。
①谢桂华、李均明、朱国炤:《居延汉简释文合校》(上、下),文物出版社,1987年。本文简称“《合校》”。
①林梅村、李均明《疏勒河流域出土汉简》,文物出版社,1984年。本文简称“《疏》”。
①甘肃省文物考古研究所、甘肃省博物馆、中国文物研究所、中国社会科学院历史研究所:《居延新简—甲渠候官》,中华书局,1994年。本文简称“《居新》”。
[2]范晔.后汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1965:1259.
[3]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,1959:2537.
[4]汪桂海.汉代官文书制度[M].南宁:广西教育出版社,1999:204.
[5]李天虹.居延汉简簿籍分类研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:39.
[6]饶宗颐,李均明.敦煌汉简编年考证[M].台北:新文丰出版公司,1995:103.
[7]陈梦家.汉简缀述[M].北京:中华书局,1980:146.
[8]胡平生,张德芳.敦煌悬泉汉简释粹[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2001:131.
[9]高村武幸著,杨振红译.关于汉代材官、骑士的身份[C]//简帛研究2004.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2006:458.
[10]彭卫,杨振红.中国风俗通史·秦汉卷[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,2002:354.
[11]孙星衍辑,周天游点校.汉官六种[M].北京:中华书局,1990:48-53.
[12]西嶋定生.二十等爵制[M].北京:国际文化出版公司,1992:198.
[13]刘敏.秦汉时期的“赐民爵”及“小爵”[J].史学月刊,2009(11):103.
[14]王彦辉.从张家山汉简看西汉时期私奴婢的社会地位[J].东北师大学报,2003(2):14.
[15]张家山二四七号汉墓竹简整理小组.张家山汉墓竹简(释文修订本)[M].北京:文物出版社,2006:30.
[16]睡虎地秦墓竹简整理小组.睡虎地秦墓竹简[M].北京:文物出版社,1978:101.
[17]应劭著,王利器校注.风俗通义校注[M].北京:中华书局,1981:343.
[18]李继闵.九章算术校证[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1993:434.
[19]魏征,等.群书治要[M].北京:商务印书馆,1936:788.
[20]甘肃省文物考古研究所.敦煌研究:下册[M].北京:中华书局,1991:67-92.
[21]徐扬杰.居延汉简廪名籍所记口粮的标准和性质[J].江汉论坛,1993(2):71.
[22]邵正坤.汉代边郡军粮廪给问题探讨[J].南都学坛,2005(3):14.
①甘肃简牍保护研究中心、甘肃省文物考古研究所、甘肃省博物馆、中国文化遗产研究院古文献研究室、中国社会科学院简帛研究中心编《肩水金关汉简(壹)》,中西书局,2011年;《肩水金关汉简(贰)》,中西书局,2012年。本文分别简称“《金(壹)》”与“《金(贰)》”。因行文中所引简文众多,故不再一一注明页码,只详细转引释文号。以下类同。
②甘肃省文物考古研究所编《敦煌汉简》,中华书局,1991年。本文简称“《敦》”。
③胡平生、张德芳编撰《敦煌悬泉汉简释粹》,上海古籍出版社出版,2001年。本文简称“《悬泉》”。
①谢桂华、李均明、朱国炤:《居延汉简释文合校》(上、下),文物出版社,1987年。本文简称“《合校》”。
①林梅村、李均明《疏勒河流域出土汉简》,文物出版社,1984年。本文简称“《疏》”。
①甘肃省文物考古研究所、甘肃省博物馆、中国文物研究所、中国社会科学院历史研究所:《居延新简—甲渠候官》,中华书局,1994年。本文简称“《居新》”。