自然保护区建立对区内居民生计影响研究——基于福建武夷山国家级自然保护区272户区内居民调研
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摘要
[目的]为了解决自然保护区的资源环境保护与区内居民的可持续生计问题,如何处理自然保护区资源环境保护和区内居民生计之间的关系,是当前学术界关注的问题。[方法]利用"福建武夷山国家级自然保护区建设对区内居民生计影响"专题调研的272份问卷,实证研究了自然保护区建设对区内居民生计的影响。[结果]福建武夷山国家级自然保护区建设对区内居民生计的影响具有双重性,其中有利影响体现在通过发展旅游增加区内居民收入、为区内居民寻找替代产业和能源、对区内居民生计提供政策扶持等方面;不利影响表现为限制资源利用、野生动物肇事、旅游收入分配不均、忽视居民利益等方面。区内居民生计面临问题有缺少资金、缺乏生计技能、生计方式简单、缺乏生态补偿制度。[结论]建立福建武夷山国家级自然保护区限制了区内居民对自然资源的利用,制约了社区经济的发展,使区内居民收入减少,生活压力增大,影响了区内居民生计。并对此提出3点建议:(1)加强区内居民生计技能培训;(2)寻找合理的区内居民替代生计;(3)完善生态补偿制度。
In order to protect the environment and resources in Natural Reserve areas and to keep the sustainable livelihood of residents in the area,it is essential to balance the relations between resources environment protection and residents' livelihoods. By collecting results from 272 questionnaires,this paper analyzed the influence of the construction of Wuyishan national nature reserve on the livelihoods of residents in the area. The results showed that the beneficial effects included increasing the income of residents in the area through the development of tourism,alternative industries and energy,and providing policy support for the livelihood of residents in the area. However,there were some drawbacks such as restricted resource utilization,wildlife accidents,uneven distribution of tourism income,ignoring the interests of residents in the area. The livelihood of residents in the area had some problems such as lack of funds,livelihood skills,simple means of livelihood and ecological compensation system. The establishment of Wuyishan national nature reserve in Fujian restricted the utilization of the natural resources and the development of the community economy,reduced the income of the residents in the area,increased the living pressure and affected the livelihood of the residents in the area. Finally,it put forward three suggestions:( 1) strengthening the residents in the area of livelihood skills training;( 2) finding a reasonable alternative livelihood for residents in the area;( 3) improving the system of ecological compensation.
In order to protect the environment and resources in Natural Reserve areas and to keep the sustainable livelihood of residents in the area,it is essential to balance the relations between resources environment protection and residents' livelihoods. By collecting results from 272 questionnaires,this paper analyzed the influence of the construction of Wuyishan national nature reserve on the livelihoods of residents in the area. The results showed that the beneficial effects included increasing the income of residents in the area through the development of tourism,alternative industries and energy,and providing policy support for the livelihood of residents in the area. However,there were some drawbacks such as restricted resource utilization,wildlife accidents,uneven distribution of tourism income,ignoring the interests of residents in the area. The livelihood of residents in the area had some problems such as lack of funds,livelihood skills,simple means of livelihood and ecological compensation system. The establishment of Wuyishan national nature reserve in Fujian restricted the utilization of the natural resources and the development of the community economy,reduced the income of the residents in the area,increased the living pressure and affected the livelihood of the residents in the area. Finally,it put forward three suggestions:( 1) strengthening the residents in the area of livelihood skills training;( 2) finding a reasonable alternative livelihood for residents in the area;( 3) improving the system of ecological compensation.
引文
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[20]陈行,朱珊珊,李秋秋,等.西秦岭地区农户生计改变对生态建设的影响——以甘肃省陇南市为例.山地学报,2014,32(6):662~670
[21]翟彬,梁流涛.基于可持续生计的农村反贫困研究——以甘肃省天水贫困地区为例.农村经济,2015,(5):55~60
[22]李广东,邱道持,王利平,等.生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响——渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析.地理学报,2012,67(4):504~515
[23]何仁伟,刘邵权,刘运伟,等.典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局——以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例.山地学报,2014,32(6):641~651
[24]赵雪雁.不同生计方式农户的环境影响——以甘南高原为例.地理科学,2013,33(5):545~552
[25]韩鹏,黄河清,甄霖,等.基于农户意愿的脆弱生态区生态补偿模式研究——以鄱阳湖区为例.自然资源学报,2012,27(4):625~642
[26]苏冰涛,李松柏.“生态贫民”可持续生计问题研究——以陕南秦巴山区为例.中国农业资源与区划,2013,34(5):68~73
[27]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2016:266
[28]陈传明.武夷山国家级自然保护区景观生态格局分析与评价.生态科学,2015,34(5):142~146
[2]杨国安,徐勇,郭腾云.基于脆弱性和可持续生计视角的黄土高原生态环境治理研究.水土保持研究,2010,17(2):64~69
[3]Mcnally C G,Uchida E,Gold A J.The effect of a protected area on the tradeoffs between short-run and long-run benefits from mangrove ecosystems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(34):13945~13950
[4]姜立军,苗鸿,欧阳志云.自然保护区管理效果影响因素.生态学报,2006,26(11):3775~3781
[5]Kirsten D S.Economic consequences of wetland degradation for local populations in Africa.Ecological economics,2005,53(2):177~190
[6]Alix G J,Shapiro E N,Sims K E.Forest conservation and slippage:evidence from Mexico's national payments for ecosystem services program.land Economics,2012,88(4):613~638
[7]张春丽,佟连军,刘继斌,等.三江自然保护区生态建设与替代生计选择研究.农业系统科学与综合研究,2008,24(4):420~423
[8]韦惠兰,谢文斌.自然保护区林缘社区产业发展研究——以甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区为例.林业经济,2010,(6):123~126
[9]Berzborn S.The household economy of pastoralists and wage-labourers in the Richtersveld South Africa.Journal of Arid Environments,2006,70(4):672~685
[10]段伟,刘倩倩,雷硕,等.收入多样化、森林依赖度和林业可持续发展——以西部四省756户农户数据为例.农林经济管理学报,2015,14(6):606~612
[11]史俊宏.干旱风险冲击下牧户适应性生计策略及其影响因素.中国农业资源与区划,2015,36(7):89~95
[12]Steinmetz R,Chutipong W,Seuaturien N.Collaborating to conserve large mammals in Southeast Asia.Conservation Biology,2006,20(5):1391~1401
[13]刘静,苗鸿,郑华,等.卧龙自然保护区与当地社区关系模式探讨.生态学报,2009,29(1):259~271
[14]Walter P.Local knowledge and adult learning in environmental adult education:community-based ecotourism in southern Thailand.International Journal of Lifelong Education,2009,28(4):513~532
[15]陈传明.福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿机制研究.地理科学,2011,31(5):594~599
[16]Macedo M N,De Fries R S,Morton D C,et al.Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon during the late2000s.PNAS,2012,109(4):1341~1346
[17]李星群,文军.自然保护区周边社区居民对保护区依赖与态度的关系研究.中南林业调查规划,2008,27(3):45~49
[18]Ramankutty N,Rhemtulla J.Can intensive farming save nature?.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2012,(10):455~458
[19]张春丽,佟连军,刘继斌,等.三江自然保护区湿地保护与退耕还湿政策的农民响应.生态学报,2009,29(2):946~952
[20]陈行,朱珊珊,李秋秋,等.西秦岭地区农户生计改变对生态建设的影响——以甘肃省陇南市为例.山地学报,2014,32(6):662~670
[21]翟彬,梁流涛.基于可持续生计的农村反贫困研究——以甘肃省天水贫困地区为例.农村经济,2015,(5):55~60
[22]李广东,邱道持,王利平,等.生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响——渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析.地理学报,2012,67(4):504~515
[23]何仁伟,刘邵权,刘运伟,等.典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局——以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例.山地学报,2014,32(6):641~651
[24]赵雪雁.不同生计方式农户的环境影响——以甘南高原为例.地理科学,2013,33(5):545~552
[25]韩鹏,黄河清,甄霖,等.基于农户意愿的脆弱生态区生态补偿模式研究——以鄱阳湖区为例.自然资源学报,2012,27(4):625~642
[26]苏冰涛,李松柏.“生态贫民”可持续生计问题研究——以陕南秦巴山区为例.中国农业资源与区划,2013,34(5):68~73
[27]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2016:266
[28]陈传明.武夷山国家级自然保护区景观生态格局分析与评价.生态科学,2015,34(5):142~146