黄土区草被生长初期土壤抗冲性及其影响因素
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摘要
为研究不同种植密度草被生长初期对黄土区的水土保持效果,采用室内盆栽和原状土冲刷相结合的方法,设置了裸地(CK)、低种植密度黑麦草(H1,204株/m2)、高种植密度黑麦草(H2,612株/m2)3种处理,对3种处理在不同土层(表层0~20 cm、次表层20~40 cm、底层40~60 cm)的土壤理化性质和根系变化进行研究,分析不同种植密度草被生长初期土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的相关关系。结果表明:1)CK处理的土壤密度、有机质质量分数、团聚体质量分数在3个土层变化较小;H1和H2处理的土壤密度、有机质质量分数、团聚体质量分数、根表面积密度均有不同程度的改变,且表层土壤理化性质改善最为明显;2)H1和H2处理表层土壤抗冲指数(IAS,anti-scourability index)与同一土层CK处理相比明显上升,并随着土层深度的增加而下降,H2处理表层对土壤抗冲性影响最显著;3)除CK处理外,H1和H2处理IAS与土壤理化性质和根表面积密度均有相关关系(P<0.05),但对土壤抗冲性大小起作用的影响因子存在一定差异。以上结果说明,种植草被在较短时间内就能改善土壤性质,提高土壤抗侵蚀性能,且在草被生长初期,高种植密度更能提高土壤抗冲性。研究结果可为黄土高原地区草被恢复初期种植密度的选择提供基础数据和理论参考。
[Background] The loess region is one of areas with serious soil erosion in China. Grasses restoration plays an important role in controlling soil and water loss in loess region. Yet there were few researches about soil anti-scourability of different planting densities grasses at early growth stage and its influencing factors in this region. [Methods]The indoor potting experiment and undisturbed soil sample scouring experiment were conducted in this study. Three treatments were set up,i. e.,bare land( CK),low planting density of Lolium perenne L.( H1,204 plants/m2),and high planting density of L. perenne L.( H2,612 plants/m2). Each treatment had three replicates. There were nine soil samples that had grown 12 weeks. Three soil layers( i. e.,surface 0-20 cm,subsurface 20-40 cm,and bottom 40-60 cm) were selected to study the change of soil anti-scourability index( IAS),soil density,organic matter mass fraction,aggregate mass fraction and root surface area density. Undisturbed soil samples werecollected by a special sampler( 20 cm × 10 cm × 15 cm),and the collected soil samples were soaked with water plate and removed from gravity water,then the soil anti-scourability test was carried out. The flow rate was applied at 3 L/min discharge on a scouring flume slope of 15° for 15 min. [Results]1) The soil density,organic matter mass fraction,and aggregate mass fraction of CK treatment changed little in three soil layers. The soil density,organic matter mass fraction,aggregate mass fraction and root surface area density of H1 and H2 treatments changed in different degree,and the change of physiochemical properties of surface soil was most obvious. 2) Compared with the CK treatment of the same soil layer,IASof H1 and H2 treatments increased significantly in surface soil layer,and decreased with the increase of soil layer depth,and surface soil of H2 treatment had the most significant effect on soil anti-scourability. 3)Except CK treatment,IASof H1 and H2 treatments had a correlation with soil physiochemical properties and root surface area density( P < 0. 05),but there were some differences in the influencing factors of IAS. [Conclusions] In summary,planting grasses may improve soil physiochemical properties and soil anti-scourability,and the high planting density had more capacity to enhance the soil anti-scourability at early growth stage of planted grasses. These results indicate that planting grass may enhance soil antiscourability especially with a high density,and these results provide a theoretical reference for the selection of planting density at early stage of grasses restoration in loess region.
[Background] The loess region is one of areas with serious soil erosion in China. Grasses restoration plays an important role in controlling soil and water loss in loess region. Yet there were few researches about soil anti-scourability of different planting densities grasses at early growth stage and its influencing factors in this region. [Methods]The indoor potting experiment and undisturbed soil sample scouring experiment were conducted in this study. Three treatments were set up,i. e.,bare land( CK),low planting density of Lolium perenne L.( H1,204 plants/m2),and high planting density of L. perenne L.( H2,612 plants/m2). Each treatment had three replicates. There were nine soil samples that had grown 12 weeks. Three soil layers( i. e.,surface 0-20 cm,subsurface 20-40 cm,and bottom 40-60 cm) were selected to study the change of soil anti-scourability index( IAS),soil density,organic matter mass fraction,aggregate mass fraction and root surface area density. Undisturbed soil samples werecollected by a special sampler( 20 cm × 10 cm × 15 cm),and the collected soil samples were soaked with water plate and removed from gravity water,then the soil anti-scourability test was carried out. The flow rate was applied at 3 L/min discharge on a scouring flume slope of 15° for 15 min. [Results]1) The soil density,organic matter mass fraction,and aggregate mass fraction of CK treatment changed little in three soil layers. The soil density,organic matter mass fraction,aggregate mass fraction and root surface area density of H1 and H2 treatments changed in different degree,and the change of physiochemical properties of surface soil was most obvious. 2) Compared with the CK treatment of the same soil layer,IASof H1 and H2 treatments increased significantly in surface soil layer,and decreased with the increase of soil layer depth,and surface soil of H2 treatment had the most significant effect on soil anti-scourability. 3)Except CK treatment,IASof H1 and H2 treatments had a correlation with soil physiochemical properties and root surface area density( P < 0. 05),but there were some differences in the influencing factors of IAS. [Conclusions] In summary,planting grasses may improve soil physiochemical properties and soil anti-scourability,and the high planting density had more capacity to enhance the soil anti-scourability at early growth stage of planted grasses. These results indicate that planting grass may enhance soil antiscourability especially with a high density,and these results provide a theoretical reference for the selection of planting density at early stage of grasses restoration in loess region.
引文
[1]李玉婷,张建军,茹豪,等.晋西黄土区不同土地利用方式对土壤抗冲性及糙率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(4):1.LI Yuting,ZHANG Jianjun,RU Hao,et al.Effect of different land use types on soil anti-scourability and roughness in loess area of western Shanxi province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(4):1.
[2]王丹丹,张建军,丁杨,等.晋西黄土区退耕林地土壤抗冲性研究[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):14.WANG Dandan,ZHANG Jianjun,DING Yang,et al.Research on soil anti-erosion of grain mixed forest in Loess Plateau of western Shanxi province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):14.
[3]DE B S,POESEN J,KNAPEN A,et al.Impact of root architecture on the erosion-reducing potential of roots during concentrated flow[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2007,32(9):1323.
[4]GYSSELS G,POESEN J,BOCHET E,et al.Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water:A review[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2005,29(2):189.
[5]朱显谟.黄土高原地区植被因素对于水土流失的影响[J].土壤学报,1960,8(2):110.ZHU Xianmo.Effect of vegetation factor on soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1960,8(2):110.
[6]任改,张洪江,白芝兵.重庆四面山水源涵养林土壤抗冲性及影响因素[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):1.REN Gai,ZHANG Hongjiang,BAI Zhibing.Soil antiscouribility of water conservation forests and its affecting factors in Simian Mountain,Chongqing City[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(1):1.
[7]FATTET M,FU Y,GHESTEM M,et al.Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion:Relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength[J].Catena,2011,87(1):60.
[8]郭明明,王文龙,史倩华,等.黄土高塬沟壑区退耕地土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的关系[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(10):129.GUO Mingming,WANG Wenlong,SHI Qianhua,et al.Soil anti-scouribility of abandoned land and its relationship with influencing factors in Loess Plateau Gully region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(10):129.
[9]郑子成,张锡洲,李廷轩,等.玉米生长期土壤抗蚀性特征及其影响因素分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(4):100.ZHENG Zicheng,ZHANG Xizhou,LI Tingxuan,et al.Soil anti-erodibility and analysis of its influencing factors during growing stages of maize[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(4):100.
[10]ZHOU Zhengchao,GAN Zhuoting,SHANGGUAN Zhouping,et al.Effects of grazing on soil physical properties and soil erodibility in semiarid grassland of the Northern Loess Plateau[J].Catena,2010,82(2):87.
[11]李阳芳,宋维峰,彭永刚,等.元阳梯田不同土地利用类型表层土壤的抗冲性[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(5):31.LI Yangfang,SONG Weifeng,PENG Yonggang,et al.Anti-scourability of surface soil of different land use types in area of Yuanyang terrace[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(5):31.
[12]史东梅,陈晏.紫色丘陵区农林混作模式的土壤抗冲性影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(5):1400.SHI Dongmei,CHEN Yan.The influencing factors of soil anti-scouribility of tree-crop intercropping land in purple soil hilly region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(5):1400.
[13]王延平,邵明安.陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地的土壤水分植被承载力[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(18):134.WANG Yanping,SHAO Ming'an.Vegetation soil water carrying capacity of artificial pasture in loess region in Northern Shaanxi,China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(18):134.
[14]刘红岩,周正朝,刘俊娥,等.黄土区草被生长过程中土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的关系[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):72.LIU Hongyan,ZHOU Zhengchao,LIU Jun'e,et al.Soil anti-scourability of the growing grass and its relationship with influencing factors in the loessial soil area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(2):72.
[15]朱永群,林超文,杜周和,等.不同种植密度对套作多花黑麦草生产性能的影响[J].草业科学,2011,28(4):607.ZHU Yongqun,LIN Chaowen,DU Zhouhe,et al.Effect of planting density on production performance of Italian ryegrass in the mulberry and grass intercropping[J].Pratacultural Science,2011,28(4):607.
[16]ZHOU Zhengchao,SHANGGUAN Zhouping.Soil antiscouribility enhanced by plant roots[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology.2005,47(6):676.
[17]刘国彬.黄土高原草地土壤抗冲性及其机理研究[J].水土保持学报,1998,12(1):93.LIU Guobin.Study on soil anti-scourability and its mechanism of grassland on Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,12(1):93.
[18]李强,刘国彬,许明祥,等.黄土丘陵区撂荒地土壤抗冲性及相关理化性质[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(10):153.LI Qiang,LIU Guobin,XU Mingxiang,et al.Soil antiscouribility and its related physical properties on abandoned land in the Hilly Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(10):153.
[19]DURAN-ZUAZO V H,FRANCIA-MARTINEZ J R,GARCIA-TEJERO I,et al.Implications of land-cover types for soil erosion on semiarid mountain slopes:towards sustainable land use in problematic landscapes[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(5):272.
[20]周正朝,上官周平.子午岭次生林植被演替过程的土壤抗冲性[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3270.ZHOU Zhengchao,SHANGGUAN Zhouping.Soil antiscouribility during vegetation succession of Ziwuling secondary forest[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(10):3270.
[2]王丹丹,张建军,丁杨,等.晋西黄土区退耕林地土壤抗冲性研究[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):14.WANG Dandan,ZHANG Jianjun,DING Yang,et al.Research on soil anti-erosion of grain mixed forest in Loess Plateau of western Shanxi province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):14.
[3]DE B S,POESEN J,KNAPEN A,et al.Impact of root architecture on the erosion-reducing potential of roots during concentrated flow[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2007,32(9):1323.
[4]GYSSELS G,POESEN J,BOCHET E,et al.Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water:A review[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2005,29(2):189.
[5]朱显谟.黄土高原地区植被因素对于水土流失的影响[J].土壤学报,1960,8(2):110.ZHU Xianmo.Effect of vegetation factor on soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1960,8(2):110.
[6]任改,张洪江,白芝兵.重庆四面山水源涵养林土壤抗冲性及影响因素[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):1.REN Gai,ZHANG Hongjiang,BAI Zhibing.Soil antiscouribility of water conservation forests and its affecting factors in Simian Mountain,Chongqing City[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(1):1.
[7]FATTET M,FU Y,GHESTEM M,et al.Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion:Relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength[J].Catena,2011,87(1):60.
[8]郭明明,王文龙,史倩华,等.黄土高塬沟壑区退耕地土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的关系[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(10):129.GUO Mingming,WANG Wenlong,SHI Qianhua,et al.Soil anti-scouribility of abandoned land and its relationship with influencing factors in Loess Plateau Gully region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(10):129.
[9]郑子成,张锡洲,李廷轩,等.玉米生长期土壤抗蚀性特征及其影响因素分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(4):100.ZHENG Zicheng,ZHANG Xizhou,LI Tingxuan,et al.Soil anti-erodibility and analysis of its influencing factors during growing stages of maize[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(4):100.
[10]ZHOU Zhengchao,GAN Zhuoting,SHANGGUAN Zhouping,et al.Effects of grazing on soil physical properties and soil erodibility in semiarid grassland of the Northern Loess Plateau[J].Catena,2010,82(2):87.
[11]李阳芳,宋维峰,彭永刚,等.元阳梯田不同土地利用类型表层土壤的抗冲性[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(5):31.LI Yangfang,SONG Weifeng,PENG Yonggang,et al.Anti-scourability of surface soil of different land use types in area of Yuanyang terrace[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(5):31.
[12]史东梅,陈晏.紫色丘陵区农林混作模式的土壤抗冲性影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(5):1400.SHI Dongmei,CHEN Yan.The influencing factors of soil anti-scouribility of tree-crop intercropping land in purple soil hilly region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(5):1400.
[13]王延平,邵明安.陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地的土壤水分植被承载力[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(18):134.WANG Yanping,SHAO Ming'an.Vegetation soil water carrying capacity of artificial pasture in loess region in Northern Shaanxi,China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(18):134.
[14]刘红岩,周正朝,刘俊娥,等.黄土区草被生长过程中土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的关系[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):72.LIU Hongyan,ZHOU Zhengchao,LIU Jun'e,et al.Soil anti-scourability of the growing grass and its relationship with influencing factors in the loessial soil area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(2):72.
[15]朱永群,林超文,杜周和,等.不同种植密度对套作多花黑麦草生产性能的影响[J].草业科学,2011,28(4):607.ZHU Yongqun,LIN Chaowen,DU Zhouhe,et al.Effect of planting density on production performance of Italian ryegrass in the mulberry and grass intercropping[J].Pratacultural Science,2011,28(4):607.
[16]ZHOU Zhengchao,SHANGGUAN Zhouping.Soil antiscouribility enhanced by plant roots[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology.2005,47(6):676.
[17]刘国彬.黄土高原草地土壤抗冲性及其机理研究[J].水土保持学报,1998,12(1):93.LIU Guobin.Study on soil anti-scourability and its mechanism of grassland on Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,12(1):93.
[18]李强,刘国彬,许明祥,等.黄土丘陵区撂荒地土壤抗冲性及相关理化性质[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(10):153.LI Qiang,LIU Guobin,XU Mingxiang,et al.Soil antiscouribility and its related physical properties on abandoned land in the Hilly Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(10):153.
[19]DURAN-ZUAZO V H,FRANCIA-MARTINEZ J R,GARCIA-TEJERO I,et al.Implications of land-cover types for soil erosion on semiarid mountain slopes:towards sustainable land use in problematic landscapes[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(5):272.
[20]周正朝,上官周平.子午岭次生林植被演替过程的土壤抗冲性[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3270.ZHOU Zhengchao,SHANGGUAN Zhouping.Soil antiscouribility during vegetation succession of Ziwuling secondary forest[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(10):3270.