工程堆积体土石质边坡径流特征及其产沙效应
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摘要
工程堆积体边坡侵蚀产沙是生产建设项目区新增水土流失的主要来源之一。通过室内模拟降雨试验,以土质边坡为对照,研究了不同雨强(1. 0 mm/min、2. 5 mm/min)不同砾石质量含量(10%～30%)条件下风沙区工程堆积体土石质边坡径流强度与流速特征及其对产沙的影响。结果表明:(1)各雨强下径流强度随砾石含量增大先减后增,10%砾石含量堆积体边坡径流强度较土质边坡降低3. 3%～38. 6%,20%～30%砾石含量堆积体坡面径流强度较土质坡面增加7. 7%～94. 7%。(2)含砾石边坡流速较土质边坡降低0～45. 8%。1. 0～2. 0 mm/min雨强下,流速随砾石含量增大变化趋势与径流强度一致,而在2. 5 mm/min雨强下则持续减小。(3)土质边坡流速与径流强度关系可通过幂函数描述(P <0. 01),而砾石含量越高,雨强越大时,二者之间的关系转变为开口向下的二次函数形式(P <0. 01)。(4)次降雨产沙量与径流流速、径流强度及其二者交互项呈极显著线性相关关系,其中,流速可作为预测风沙区工程堆积体土石质边坡次降雨侵蚀产沙量的最优选指标。研究结果可为工程堆积体土石质边坡侵蚀产沙预测提供一定的参考。
The sediment yield from the slope erosion of engineering deposit is one of the main sources of the new additional watersoil loss within the project areas of production and construction. The intensity and flow velocity of the runoff from the earth-rock slope of engineering deposit within windy-sandy region and their influences on the sediment yield under the condition with different rainfall intensities( 1. 0 mm/min,2. 5 mm/min) and gravel contents( 10% ～ 30%) are studied herein with the comparison made with those of earth slope through the relevant indoor simulative rainfall experiment. The result shows that( 1) the runoff intensities under all the rainfall intensities are decreased at first and then increased along with the increase of the gravel content; for which the runoff intensity from the slope of the deposit with the gravel content of 10% is decreased by 3. 3% ～38. 6% when compared with that of earth slope,while the runoff intensity from the slope of the deposit with the gravel content of 20% ～ 30% is increased by 7. 7% ～ 94. 7% when compared with that of earth slope.( 2) The flow velocity from the slope containing gravel is decreased by 0 ～ 45. 8% when compared with that of earth slope. Under the rainfall intensity of 1. 0 ～ 2. 0 mm/min,the changing trend of the flow velocity is consistent with that of the runoff intensity along with the increase of the gravel content,but it is continuously decreased under the rainfall intensity of 2. 5 mm/min.( 3) The relationship between the flow velocity and the runoff intensity from earth slope can be described through the power function( P < 0. 01),while the higher the gravel content is and the larger the rainfall intensity is,the relationship between both of them is transformed into the form of an open downward quadratic function( P < 0. 01).( 4) The secondary rainfall sediment yield exhibits a significant linear correlation with the flow velocity and intensity of runoff as well as the interaction of both of them; in which the flow velocity can be taken as the most preferable index for predicting the sediment yield from the secondary rainfall erosion of the earth-rock slope of the engineering deposit. The study result can provide a certain reference for predicting the sediment yield from the erosion of the earth-rock slope of the engineering deposit.
The sediment yield from the slope erosion of engineering deposit is one of the main sources of the new additional watersoil loss within the project areas of production and construction. The intensity and flow velocity of the runoff from the earth-rock slope of engineering deposit within windy-sandy region and their influences on the sediment yield under the condition with different rainfall intensities( 1. 0 mm/min,2. 5 mm/min) and gravel contents( 10% ～ 30%) are studied herein with the comparison made with those of earth slope through the relevant indoor simulative rainfall experiment. The result shows that( 1) the runoff intensities under all the rainfall intensities are decreased at first and then increased along with the increase of the gravel content; for which the runoff intensity from the slope of the deposit with the gravel content of 10% is decreased by 3. 3% ～38. 6% when compared with that of earth slope,while the runoff intensity from the slope of the deposit with the gravel content of 20% ～ 30% is increased by 7. 7% ～ 94. 7% when compared with that of earth slope.( 2) The flow velocity from the slope containing gravel is decreased by 0 ～ 45. 8% when compared with that of earth slope. Under the rainfall intensity of 1. 0 ～ 2. 0 mm/min,the changing trend of the flow velocity is consistent with that of the runoff intensity along with the increase of the gravel content,but it is continuously decreased under the rainfall intensity of 2. 5 mm/min.( 3) The relationship between the flow velocity and the runoff intensity from earth slope can be described through the power function( P < 0. 01),while the higher the gravel content is and the larger the rainfall intensity is,the relationship between both of them is transformed into the form of an open downward quadratic function( P < 0. 01).( 4) The secondary rainfall sediment yield exhibits a significant linear correlation with the flow velocity and intensity of runoff as well as the interaction of both of them; in which the flow velocity can be taken as the most preferable index for predicting the sediment yield from the secondary rainfall erosion of the earth-rock slope of the engineering deposit. The study result can provide a certain reference for predicting the sediment yield from the erosion of the earth-rock slope of the engineering deposit.
引文
[1]史东梅,蒋光毅,彭旭东,等.不同土石比的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(17):152-161.
[2]马洪超,谢永生,赵暄,等.工程堆积体标准小区界定与可蚀性因子改进[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(3):59-64.
[3]康宏亮,王文龙,薛智德,等.陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体坡面产流产沙试验[J].水科学进展,2016,27(2):256-265.
[4]王治国,白中科.黄土区大型露天矿排土场岩土侵蚀及其控制技术的研究[J].水土保持学报,1994,8(2):10-17.
[5]刘瑞顺,王文龙,廖超英,等.露天煤矿排土场边坡防护措施减水减沙效益分析[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(4):59-64.
[6]王文龙,李占斌,李鹏,等.神府东胜煤田开发建设弃土弃渣冲刷试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):68-71.
[7]康宏亮,王文龙,薛智德,等.北方风沙区砾石对堆积体坡面径流及侵蚀特征的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(3):125-134.
[8]张乐涛,高照良,田红卫.工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学过程[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):94-102.
[9]王雪松,谢永生,陈曦,等.砾石对赣北红土工程锥状堆积体侵蚀规律的影响[J].泥沙研究,2015,40(1):67-74.
[10]李建明,王文龙,黄鹏飞,等.黄土区生产建设工程堆积体石砾对侵蚀产沙的影响[J].泥沙研究,2014,39(4):10-17.
[11]李宏伟,王文龙,黄鹏飞,等.土石混合堆积体土质可蚀性K因子研究[J].泥沙研究,2014,39(2):49-54.
[12]黄鹏飞,王文龙,江忠善,等.黄土区工程堆积体水蚀测算模型坡度因子研究[J].泥沙研究,2015,40(5):47-62.
[13] MEHUYS G R,STOLZY L H,LETEY J,et al. Effect of stones on the hydraulic conductivity of relatively dry desert soils[J]. Soil science,1975,39(1):37-41.
[14]罗榕婷,张光辉,沈瑞昌,等.染色法测量坡面流流速的最佳测流区长度研究[J].水文,2010,30(3):5-9.
[15] ZHANG Guanghui,LUO Rongting,CAO Ying,et al. Crrection factor to dye-measured flow velocity under varing water and sediment discharges[J]. Journal of hydrology,2010,389:205-213.
[16]雷霆武,张晴雯,闫丽娟.细沟侵蚀物理模型[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[17] YEN B C,WENZEL H G. Dynamic equations for steady spatially varied flow[J]. Journal of the hydraulics division,96(3):801-814.
[18]刘清泉,李家春,陈力,等.坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(1)——坡面流[J].力学进展,2004,34(30):360-372.
[19] POESEN J,LAVEE H. Rock fragments in topsoils:significance and processes[J]. Catena,1994,23:1-28.
[20]江忠善,宋文经.坡面流速的试验研究[J].中国科学院西北水土保持研究所集刊,1988(1):46-52.
[21]徐在庸,胡玉山.坡面径流的实验研究[J].水利学报,1962(4):1-8.
[22]李君兰,蔡强国,孙莉英,等.坡面水流速度与坡面含砂量的关系[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):73-78.
[23]夏卫生,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.冲刷条件下坡面水流速度与产沙关系研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(6):876-879.
[24]王瑄,李占斌,尚佰晓,等.坡面土壤剥蚀率与水蚀因子关系室内模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(9):22-26.
[25]黄鹏飞.黄土区工程堆积体水蚀特征及坡度因子试验研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2013.
[26]邓利强.黄土区工程堆积体水蚀特征及测算模型坡长因子试验研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2014.
[2]马洪超,谢永生,赵暄,等.工程堆积体标准小区界定与可蚀性因子改进[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(3):59-64.
[3]康宏亮,王文龙,薛智德,等.陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体坡面产流产沙试验[J].水科学进展,2016,27(2):256-265.
[4]王治国,白中科.黄土区大型露天矿排土场岩土侵蚀及其控制技术的研究[J].水土保持学报,1994,8(2):10-17.
[5]刘瑞顺,王文龙,廖超英,等.露天煤矿排土场边坡防护措施减水减沙效益分析[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(4):59-64.
[6]王文龙,李占斌,李鹏,等.神府东胜煤田开发建设弃土弃渣冲刷试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):68-71.
[7]康宏亮,王文龙,薛智德,等.北方风沙区砾石对堆积体坡面径流及侵蚀特征的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(3):125-134.
[8]张乐涛,高照良,田红卫.工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学过程[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):94-102.
[9]王雪松,谢永生,陈曦,等.砾石对赣北红土工程锥状堆积体侵蚀规律的影响[J].泥沙研究,2015,40(1):67-74.
[10]李建明,王文龙,黄鹏飞,等.黄土区生产建设工程堆积体石砾对侵蚀产沙的影响[J].泥沙研究,2014,39(4):10-17.
[11]李宏伟,王文龙,黄鹏飞,等.土石混合堆积体土质可蚀性K因子研究[J].泥沙研究,2014,39(2):49-54.
[12]黄鹏飞,王文龙,江忠善,等.黄土区工程堆积体水蚀测算模型坡度因子研究[J].泥沙研究,2015,40(5):47-62.
[13] MEHUYS G R,STOLZY L H,LETEY J,et al. Effect of stones on the hydraulic conductivity of relatively dry desert soils[J]. Soil science,1975,39(1):37-41.
[14]罗榕婷,张光辉,沈瑞昌,等.染色法测量坡面流流速的最佳测流区长度研究[J].水文,2010,30(3):5-9.
[15] ZHANG Guanghui,LUO Rongting,CAO Ying,et al. Crrection factor to dye-measured flow velocity under varing water and sediment discharges[J]. Journal of hydrology,2010,389:205-213.
[16]雷霆武,张晴雯,闫丽娟.细沟侵蚀物理模型[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[17] YEN B C,WENZEL H G. Dynamic equations for steady spatially varied flow[J]. Journal of the hydraulics division,96(3):801-814.
[18]刘清泉,李家春,陈力,等.坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(1)——坡面流[J].力学进展,2004,34(30):360-372.
[19] POESEN J,LAVEE H. Rock fragments in topsoils:significance and processes[J]. Catena,1994,23:1-28.
[20]江忠善,宋文经.坡面流速的试验研究[J].中国科学院西北水土保持研究所集刊,1988(1):46-52.
[21]徐在庸,胡玉山.坡面径流的实验研究[J].水利学报,1962(4):1-8.
[22]李君兰,蔡强国,孙莉英,等.坡面水流速度与坡面含砂量的关系[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):73-78.
[23]夏卫生,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.冲刷条件下坡面水流速度与产沙关系研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(6):876-879.
[24]王瑄,李占斌,尚佰晓,等.坡面土壤剥蚀率与水蚀因子关系室内模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(9):22-26.
[25]黄鹏飞.黄土区工程堆积体水蚀特征及坡度因子试验研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2013.
[26]邓利强.黄土区工程堆积体水蚀特征及测算模型坡长因子试验研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2014.