密度效应对修复药剂在含水层迁移的影响——以KMnO_4溶液为例的室内实验研究
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摘要
利用典型的地下水修复药剂KMnO_4,通过一系列二维模拟槽实验,探究了密度效应作用下KMnO_4在模拟含水层的迁移分布规律,并分析了溶液浓度和介质粒径对密度效应的影响.结果表明,KMnO_4溶液在中砂和粗砂的模拟含水层中产生了明显的下沉现象,且迁移锋面的下沉程度会随着迁移进程不断加重,这导致KMnO_4的运移逐渐由推流向分层流转变,致使部分浅层模拟含水层无法接触KMnO_4;介质粒径越大、药剂浓度越高,密度效应造成的初期锋面下沉现象越明显,但后期下沉的变化幅度却和粒径与浓度成反比;对于锋面后的药剂迁移主体区域,KMnO_4会随着迁移时间延长逐渐分布均匀,并达到与原浓度基本一致的水平.
The solution of KMnO_4 was used in this study to investigate the migration and distribution of KMn O_4 in simulated aquifer.This study focused on the influence of concentration and aquifer material size on density effect through a series of two-dimensional simulation tank experiments.The sinking phenomenon of KMnO_4 solution in the medium and coarse sand simulated aquifers was obvious.The sinking degree of migration front was more and more obvious during the migration process,which changed the migration form from plug flow to stratified flow and resulted in the failure of KMnO_4 distribution at shallow simulated aquifer.The greater the material size and the higher the concentration of remedial reagent,the more obvious the frontal sinking phenomenon at the preliminary stage was,but the extent of solution sinking was inversely proportional to the medium size and the concentration at the later stage.For the main migration region behind the migration front,KMnO_4 gradually distributed more uniformly with the extension of migration time.
The solution of KMnO_4 was used in this study to investigate the migration and distribution of KMn O_4 in simulated aquifer.This study focused on the influence of concentration and aquifer material size on density effect through a series of two-dimensional simulation tank experiments.The sinking phenomenon of KMnO_4 solution in the medium and coarse sand simulated aquifers was obvious.The sinking degree of migration front was more and more obvious during the migration process,which changed the migration form from plug flow to stratified flow and resulted in the failure of KMnO_4 distribution at shallow simulated aquifer.The greater the material size and the higher the concentration of remedial reagent,the more obvious the frontal sinking phenomenon at the preliminary stage was,but the extent of solution sinking was inversely proportional to the medium size and the concentration at the later stage.For the main migration region behind the migration front,KMnO_4 gradually distributed more uniformly with the extension of migration time.
引文
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[26]张人权,梁杏,靳孟贵,等.水文地质学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,2011:32-41.
[2]李天一,张成武,郭超,等.纳米Ca O2在含水层的迁移特性及对氯酚降解效果[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(8):3028-3035.
[3]Mosmeri H,Alaie E,Shavandi M,et al.Benzene-contaminated groundwater remediation using calcium peroxide nanoparticles:synthesis and process optimization[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2017,189(9):452.
[4]张丽娜,钟华,张俊涛,等.热,碱和Fe O激活过硫酸钠降解二恶烷的对比研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(10):3741-3747.
[5]董洋,温春宇,于锦秋,等.乳化纳米铁修复硝基苯污染含水层研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(12):4541-4548.
[6]赵勇胜.地下水污染场地的控制与修复[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:250-296.
[7]Konz M,Ackerer P,Younes A,et al.Two-dimensional stablelayered laboratory-scale experiments for testing density-coupled flow models[J].Water Resources Research,2009,45(2):142-143.
[8]Swartz C H,Schwartz F W.An experimental study of mixing and instability development in variable-density systems[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,1998,34(3):169-189.
[9]Frind E O.Simulation of long-term transient density-dependent transport in groundwater[J].Advances in Water Resources,1982,5(2):73-88.
[10]董军,赵勇胜,张伟红,等.垃圾渗滤液中重金属在不同氧化还原带中的衰减[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(6):743-747.
[11]邓臣,罗定贵,陈迪云,等.邻苯二甲酸酯在包气带土层中的迁移模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(12):2018-2022.
[12]Gemitzi A,Tolikas D.HYDRA model:Simulation of salt intrusion in coastal aquifers using Visual Basic and GIS[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2007,22(7):924-936.
[13]郭振仁,詹姆斯J.夏普.海水入侵污水放流系统及其清除研究[J].中国环境科学,1996,16(2):118-123.
[14]张祖陆,彭利民.莱州湾东、南沿岸海(咸)水入侵的地下水水化学特征[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(2):121-10.
[15]Jawitz J W,Annable M D,Rao P S C.Miscible fluid displacement stability in unconfined porous media:Two-dimensional flow experiments and simulations[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,1998,31(3/4):211-230.
[16]Taylor T P,Pennell K D,Abriola L M,et al.Surfactant enhanced recovery of tetrachloroethylene from a porous medium containing low permeability lenses:2.Numerical simulation[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2001,48(3):351-374.
[17]Agaoglu B,Copty N K,Scheytt T,et al.Interphase mass transfer between fluids in subsurface formations:A review[J].Advances in Water Resources,2015,79:162-194.
[18]Shokrollahi A,Majidi S M J,Ghazanfari M H.Monitoring and characterizing the finger patterns developed by miscible displacement in fractured heavy oil systems[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2013,52(31):10853-10863.
[19]Satyajit P,Kumar H T,Manoranjan M.Influence of viscosity contrast on buoyantly unstable miscible fluids in porous media[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2015,780:388-406.
[20]Schincariol R A,Schwartz F W.An experimental investigation of variable density flow and mixing in homogeneous and heterogeneous media[J].Water Resources Research,1990,26(10):2317-2329.
[21]Hawthorne R G.Two-phase flow in two-dimensional systemsEffects of rate,viscosity and density on fluid displacement in porous media[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers,1960,219:81-87.
[22]Lake L W.Enhanced oil recovery[M].Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall Inc.,1989:128-233.
[23]Zhong L,Oostrom M,Wietsma T W,et al.Enhanced remedial amendment delivery through fluid viscosity modifications:experiments and numerical simulations[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2008,101(1):29-41.
[24]Crane F E,Kendall H A,Gardner G H F.Some experiments on the flow of miscible fluids of unequal density through porous media[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1963,3(3):277-280.
[25]杜青青,尹芝华,左锐,等.某污染场地氨氮迁移过程模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(12):4585-4595.
[26]张人权,梁杏,靳孟贵,等.水文地质学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,2011:32-41.