翻译里的意识形态标签——基于语料库的《红楼梦》两个英译本比较
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摘要
本文基于《红楼梦》杨宪益译本和霍克斯译本构建的语料库,以意识形态为研究对象,量化比较两个译本在名物化、及物性、情态和衔接四个维度的意识形态标签频次,用批评话语分析的方法分析和讨论得出数据和事实。结果显示:霍译本里的意识形态标签频次显著高于杨译本。由此推断,两位译者的关注焦点大相径庭,杨更多关注故事里的事件过程和参与者,而霍更多关注事件发生的环境。这些差异和不同的关注焦点的原因可能与文化、社会和译者个人的背景有关。因此,我们认为,意识形态对事件描述视角和译者的观点及态度都有着微妙但却实实在在的影响。
Based on the translation corpus of Hongloumeng(Yangs' version and Hawkes' version), the present study takes ideology as the research issue and attempts to quantitatively compare their frequency of ideological markers from four dimensions, namely nominalization, transitivity,modality and cohesion. Then, by the approach of CDA, the present study tries to analyze and discuss the results. It is found that the frequency of ideological markers in Hawkes' version is significantly higher than that in Yangs', which indicates that Yang focused more on the process and participants of the events in Hongloumeng while Hawkes focused more on the circumstances under which these events happened. This is probably related to the difference in the culture, society and social status between the two translations. Thus, we believe that ideology exerts subtle but definitely visible influences on the perspectives of event portrayal and on translation.
Based on the translation corpus of Hongloumeng(Yangs' version and Hawkes' version), the present study takes ideology as the research issue and attempts to quantitatively compare their frequency of ideological markers from four dimensions, namely nominalization, transitivity,modality and cohesion. Then, by the approach of CDA, the present study tries to analyze and discuss the results. It is found that the frequency of ideological markers in Hawkes' version is significantly higher than that in Yangs', which indicates that Yang focused more on the process and participants of the events in Hongloumeng while Hawkes focused more on the circumstances under which these events happened. This is probably related to the difference in the culture, society and social status between the two translations. Thus, we believe that ideology exerts subtle but definitely visible influences on the perspectives of event portrayal and on translation.
引文
陈德用、张瑞娥,2006,实用主义话语意识形态与人物个性化语言的翻译--《红楼梦》中王熙凤个性化语言的翻译[J],《外语教学》,(5):81-84。[Chen,Deyong&Zhang rui’e.2006.On translation of individualized language from ideology of linguistic pragmaticism:A review of translation of Wang Xifeng's language in A Dream of Red Mansions[J].Foreign Language Teaching,(5):81-84.]
陈宏薇、江帆,2003,难忘的历程--《红楼梦》英译事业的描写性研究[J],《中国翻译》,(5):46-52。[Chen,Hongwei&Jiang Fan.2003.The translation of Hong Lou Meng into English:Adescriptive study[J].Chinese Translators Journal,(5):46-52.]
洪涛,2008,翻译规范、意识形态论与《红楼梦》杨译本的评价问题──兼论《红楼梦》译评与套用西方翻译理论的风险[J],《红楼梦学刊》,(1):228-259。[Hong,Tao.2008.Translation norms,ideology and review of Yang’s version of Hong Lou Meng:Plus assessment of the translations of Hong Lou Meng and risks of applying mechanically the Western translation theories[J].Studies on A Dream of Red Mansions,(1):228-259.]
胡开宝、李晓倩,2015,语料库批评译学:内涵与意义[J],《中国外语》,(1):90-100。[Hu,Kaibao&Li Xiaoqian.2015.Corpus-based critical translation studies:Connotations and implications[J].Foreign Languages in China,(1):90-100.]
胡开宝、孟令子,2017,批评译学研究:翻译研究新进展[J].《外国语》,(6):57-68。[Hu,Kaibao&Meng Lingzi.2017.Critical translation studies:New developments in translation studies[J].Journal of Foreign Languages,(6):57-68.]
黄立波、王克非,2011,语料库翻译学:课题与进展[J].《外语教学与研究》,(6):911-923。[Huang,Libo&Wang Kefei.2011.Copus-based translation studies:Issues and progress[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,(6):911-923.]
李珊,2006,《风格、目的、意识形态与诗歌意义的跨文化建构--以<红楼梦>诗词英译为例》[D],西南交通大学。[Li,Shan.2006.Style,Skopos,Ideology and Cross-cultural Construction of Poetic Meanings--English Translations of Verses in Hongloumeng as Cases in Point[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University.]
连淑能,2002,论中西思维方式[J].《外语与外语教学》,(2):40-46。[Lian,Shuneng.2002.On Chinese and Western thinking modes[J].Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,(2):40-46.]
刘畅,2009,《意识形态和诗学操纵下的<红楼梦>俗语翻译》[D],中南大学。[Liu,Chang.2009.Translation under Ideological and Poetical Manipulation:A Case Study of Folk Adages in A Dream of Red Mansions[D].Changsha:Central South University.]
牛艳,2010,《论社会意识形态在<红楼梦>翻译中的作用:王际真两个译本研究》[D],苏州大学。[Niu,Yan.2010.The Workings of Social Ideology in the Translation of Hong Lou Meng:A Case Study of Wang Chi-Chen’s Translations[D].Suzhou:Soochow University.]
王丹红,2007,《从意识形态的角度看<红楼梦>两译文的翻译倾向》[D],上海外国语大学。[Wang,Danhong.2007.On Yangs’and Hawkes’Translation Strategies of Hong Lou Meng:An Ideological Perspective[D].Shanghai:Shanghai International Studies University.]
许家金、吴良平,2014,基于网络的第四代语料库分析工具CQPweb及应用实例[J],《外语电化教学》,(5):10-15。[Xu,Jiajin&Wu Liangping.2014.Web based fourth generation corpus analysis tools and the BFSU CQPweb case[J].Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education,(5):10-15.]
杨莉,2008,《意识形态及诗学在<红楼梦>译本中的体现》[D],山西大学。[Yang,Li.2008.Ideological and Poetical Signs in A Dream of Red Mansions[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University.]
于学勇,2008,语篇衔接模式的重构及其解释力[J],《杭州电子科技大学学报(社会科学版)》,(2):51-54。[Yu,Xueyong.2008.Reconstruction of cohesion pattern and its explanatory power[J].Journal of Hangzhou Dianzi University(Social Sciences),(2):51-54.]
曾丽蓉,2013,《从<红楼梦>国外英译史看意识形态对重译的操纵》[D],长沙理工大学。[Zeng,Lirong.2013.Ideological Manipulations in Overseas Retranslations of Hong Lou Meng[D].Changsha:Changsha University of Science and Technology.]
Biber,D.,S.Johansson,G.Leech,S.Conrad&E.Fingegan.2000.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Fairclough,N.1995.Critical Discourse Analysis:The Critical Study of Language[M].London/New York:Longman.
Fairclough,N.2003.Analyzing Discourse[M].London:Routledge.
Fawcett,P.1998.Ideology and translation[A].In:M.Baker(ed.),Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[C].London:Routledge,106-110.
Fowler,R.1991.Language in the News:Discourse and Ideology in the Press[M].London/New York:Routledge.
Gumul,E.2011.Translational shifts of syntactic and lexical markers of ideology:Reporting the Iraqi conflict in Polish reprint press[J].Meta,56(4):762-763.
Halliday,M.A.K.2000.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hardie,A.2012.CQPweb-combining power,flexibility and usability in a corpus analysis tool[J].International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,17(3):380-409.
Lefevere,A.1992.Translation,Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame[M].London/New York:Routledge.
Li,D.,C.Zhang&K.Liu.2011.Translation style and ideology:A corpus-assisted analysis of two English translations of Hongloumeng[J].Literary and Linguistic Computing,26(2):153-166.
Mason,I.1994.Discourse,ideology and translation[A].In:R.de Beaugrande,A.Shunnaq&M.H.Heliel(eds.),Language,Discourse and Translation in the West and Middle East[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,23-34.
Puurtinen,T.2000.Translating linguistic markers of ideology[A].In:A.Chesterman(ed.),Translation in Context[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,177-186.
Puurtinen,T.2003.Explicitating and implicitating source text ideology[J].Across Languages and Cultures,(1):53-62.
Sch?ffner,C.2003.Third ways and new centers:Ideological unity or difference?[A].In:M.Calzade-Pérezed(ed.),Apropos of Ideology:Translation Studies on Ideology-Ideology in Translation Studies[C].Manchester:St.Jerome,23-41.
Simpson,P.1993.Language,Ideology and Point of View[M].London:Routledge.
(1)检索日期为2017年12月18日。
陈宏薇、江帆,2003,难忘的历程--《红楼梦》英译事业的描写性研究[J],《中国翻译》,(5):46-52。[Chen,Hongwei&Jiang Fan.2003.The translation of Hong Lou Meng into English:Adescriptive study[J].Chinese Translators Journal,(5):46-52.]
洪涛,2008,翻译规范、意识形态论与《红楼梦》杨译本的评价问题──兼论《红楼梦》译评与套用西方翻译理论的风险[J],《红楼梦学刊》,(1):228-259。[Hong,Tao.2008.Translation norms,ideology and review of Yang’s version of Hong Lou Meng:Plus assessment of the translations of Hong Lou Meng and risks of applying mechanically the Western translation theories[J].Studies on A Dream of Red Mansions,(1):228-259.]
胡开宝、李晓倩,2015,语料库批评译学:内涵与意义[J],《中国外语》,(1):90-100。[Hu,Kaibao&Li Xiaoqian.2015.Corpus-based critical translation studies:Connotations and implications[J].Foreign Languages in China,(1):90-100.]
胡开宝、孟令子,2017,批评译学研究:翻译研究新进展[J].《外国语》,(6):57-68。[Hu,Kaibao&Meng Lingzi.2017.Critical translation studies:New developments in translation studies[J].Journal of Foreign Languages,(6):57-68.]
黄立波、王克非,2011,语料库翻译学:课题与进展[J].《外语教学与研究》,(6):911-923。[Huang,Libo&Wang Kefei.2011.Copus-based translation studies:Issues and progress[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,(6):911-923.]
李珊,2006,《风格、目的、意识形态与诗歌意义的跨文化建构--以<红楼梦>诗词英译为例》[D],西南交通大学。[Li,Shan.2006.Style,Skopos,Ideology and Cross-cultural Construction of Poetic Meanings--English Translations of Verses in Hongloumeng as Cases in Point[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University.]
连淑能,2002,论中西思维方式[J].《外语与外语教学》,(2):40-46。[Lian,Shuneng.2002.On Chinese and Western thinking modes[J].Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,(2):40-46.]
刘畅,2009,《意识形态和诗学操纵下的<红楼梦>俗语翻译》[D],中南大学。[Liu,Chang.2009.Translation under Ideological and Poetical Manipulation:A Case Study of Folk Adages in A Dream of Red Mansions[D].Changsha:Central South University.]
牛艳,2010,《论社会意识形态在<红楼梦>翻译中的作用:王际真两个译本研究》[D],苏州大学。[Niu,Yan.2010.The Workings of Social Ideology in the Translation of Hong Lou Meng:A Case Study of Wang Chi-Chen’s Translations[D].Suzhou:Soochow University.]
王丹红,2007,《从意识形态的角度看<红楼梦>两译文的翻译倾向》[D],上海外国语大学。[Wang,Danhong.2007.On Yangs’and Hawkes’Translation Strategies of Hong Lou Meng:An Ideological Perspective[D].Shanghai:Shanghai International Studies University.]
许家金、吴良平,2014,基于网络的第四代语料库分析工具CQPweb及应用实例[J],《外语电化教学》,(5):10-15。[Xu,Jiajin&Wu Liangping.2014.Web based fourth generation corpus analysis tools and the BFSU CQPweb case[J].Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education,(5):10-15.]
杨莉,2008,《意识形态及诗学在<红楼梦>译本中的体现》[D],山西大学。[Yang,Li.2008.Ideological and Poetical Signs in A Dream of Red Mansions[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University.]
于学勇,2008,语篇衔接模式的重构及其解释力[J],《杭州电子科技大学学报(社会科学版)》,(2):51-54。[Yu,Xueyong.2008.Reconstruction of cohesion pattern and its explanatory power[J].Journal of Hangzhou Dianzi University(Social Sciences),(2):51-54.]
曾丽蓉,2013,《从<红楼梦>国外英译史看意识形态对重译的操纵》[D],长沙理工大学。[Zeng,Lirong.2013.Ideological Manipulations in Overseas Retranslations of Hong Lou Meng[D].Changsha:Changsha University of Science and Technology.]
Biber,D.,S.Johansson,G.Leech,S.Conrad&E.Fingegan.2000.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Fairclough,N.1995.Critical Discourse Analysis:The Critical Study of Language[M].London/New York:Longman.
Fairclough,N.2003.Analyzing Discourse[M].London:Routledge.
Fawcett,P.1998.Ideology and translation[A].In:M.Baker(ed.),Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[C].London:Routledge,106-110.
Fowler,R.1991.Language in the News:Discourse and Ideology in the Press[M].London/New York:Routledge.
Gumul,E.2011.Translational shifts of syntactic and lexical markers of ideology:Reporting the Iraqi conflict in Polish reprint press[J].Meta,56(4):762-763.
Halliday,M.A.K.2000.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hardie,A.2012.CQPweb-combining power,flexibility and usability in a corpus analysis tool[J].International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,17(3):380-409.
Lefevere,A.1992.Translation,Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame[M].London/New York:Routledge.
Li,D.,C.Zhang&K.Liu.2011.Translation style and ideology:A corpus-assisted analysis of two English translations of Hongloumeng[J].Literary and Linguistic Computing,26(2):153-166.
Mason,I.1994.Discourse,ideology and translation[A].In:R.de Beaugrande,A.Shunnaq&M.H.Heliel(eds.),Language,Discourse and Translation in the West and Middle East[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,23-34.
Puurtinen,T.2000.Translating linguistic markers of ideology[A].In:A.Chesterman(ed.),Translation in Context[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,177-186.
Puurtinen,T.2003.Explicitating and implicitating source text ideology[J].Across Languages and Cultures,(1):53-62.
Sch?ffner,C.2003.Third ways and new centers:Ideological unity or difference?[A].In:M.Calzade-Pérezed(ed.),Apropos of Ideology:Translation Studies on Ideology-Ideology in Translation Studies[C].Manchester:St.Jerome,23-41.
Simpson,P.1993.Language,Ideology and Point of View[M].London:Routledge.
(1)检索日期为2017年12月18日。