元素杂化阻燃聚苯乙烯的研究进展
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摘要
介绍了阻燃聚苯乙烯的共混、共聚、有机改性等元素杂化技术,综述了近几年P、N、Si各阻燃元素及其协同阻燃聚苯乙烯的研究进展,总结了阻燃聚苯乙烯目前存在的问题,展望了聚苯乙烯阻燃技术的发展方向。
The article reviewed the recent progress in the research of flame retardant effect of phosphorus,nitrogen and silicon elements and their synergistic effect on polystyrene(PS),and also introduced the element-hybrid techniques of blending,copolymerization and organic modification for flame-retardant PS.Problems in development of flame-retardant PS were summarized,and the future technique for flame-retardant PS was prospected.
The article reviewed the recent progress in the research of flame retardant effect of phosphorus,nitrogen and silicon elements and their synergistic effect on polystyrene(PS),and also introduced the element-hybrid techniques of blending,copolymerization and organic modification for flame-retardant PS.Problems in development of flame-retardant PS were summarized,and the future technique for flame-retardant PS was prospected.
引文
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[6]Han Y,Wu Y,Shen M,et al.Preparation and Properties of Polystyrene Nanocomposites with Graphite Oxide and Graphene as Flame Retardants[J].Journal of Materials Science,2013,48(12):4214-4222.
[7]Filippi S,Mameli E,Marazzato C,et al.Comparison ofSolution-blending and Melt-intercalation for the Preparation of Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)/Organoclay Nanocomposites[J].European Polymer Journal,2007,43(5):1645-1659.
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[9]Canadell J,Hunt B J,Cook A G,et al.Flame Retardance and Shrinkage Reduction.of Polystyrene Modified with Acrylate-containing Phosphorus and Crosslinkable Spiro-orthoester Moieties[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2007,92(8):1482-1490.
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[12]Baskaran D,Mays J W,Bratcher M S.Polymer Adsorption in the Grafting Reactions of Hydroxyl Terminal Polymers with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes[J].Polymer,2005,46(14):5050-5057.
[13]Cui W G,Gao Y L,Wei Q,et al.Influence of the Surface Modification of a Filler on the Properties of Highimpact Polystyrene Composites[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,112(1):359-365.
[14]Pavlidoua S,Papaspyrides C D,A Review on Polymerlayered Silicate Nanocomposites[J].Prog Polym Sci,2008,33(12):1119-1198.
[15]Wang B,Zhang,H,Evans DG,et al.Surface Modification of Layered Double Hydroxides and Incorporation of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2005,92(1):190-196.
[16]Morgan A B,Harris R H,Kashiwagi T,et al.Flammability of Polystyrene Layered Silicate(clay)Nanocomposites:Carbonaceous Char Formation[J].Fire and Materials,2002,26(6):247-253.
[17]J C de Macedo Neto·J.E Neto,R Botan·L M F Lona,W A Pippo,et al.Polystyrene/Kaolinite Nanocomposite Synthesis and Characterization Via in Situ Emulsion Polymerization[J].Polymer Bulletin,2015,72(3):387-404.
[18]Salaun F,Lewandowski M,Vroman I,et al.Development and Characterisation of Flame-retardant Fibres from Isotactic Polypropylene Melt-compounded with Melamine-formaldehyde Microcapsules[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2011,96(1):131-143.
[19]Braun U,Schartel B,Fichera M A,et al.Flame Retardancy Mechanisms of Aluminium Phosphinate in Combination with Melamine Polyphosphate and Zinc Borate in Glass-fibre Reinforced Polyarhide 6,6[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2007,92(8):1528-1545.
[20]Liu J,Peng S,Zhang Y,et al.Influence of Microencapsulated Red Phosphorus on the Flame Retardancy of High Impact Polystyrene/Magnesium Hydroxide Composite and Its Mode of Action[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2015,121:208-221.
[21]Yan Y W,Chen L,Jian R K,et al.Intumescence:An Effect Way to Flame Retardance and Smoke Suppression for Polystryene[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2012,97(8):1423-1431.
[22]Lu S Y,Hamerton I.Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymers[J].Progress in Polymer Science,2002,27(8):1661-1712.
[23]Banks M,Ebdon J R,Johnson M.The Flame-retardant Effect of Diethyl Vinyl Phosphonate in Copolymers with Styrene,Methyl Methacrylate,Acrylonitrile and Acrylamide[J].Polymer,1994,35(16):3470-3473.
[24]Czegeny Z,Blazso M Effect of Phosphorous Flame Retardants on the Thermal Decomposition of Vinyl Polymers and Copolymers[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2008,81(2):218-224.
[25]Howell B A,Uzibor J.Thermal Stability of Poly(Styrene)Containing Phosphorus in the Mainchain[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2006,85(1):45-51.
[26]Kandola B K,Horrocks A R.Complex Char Formation in Flame-retarded Fibre-intumescent Combinations—IL Thermal Analytical Studies[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,1996,54(2):289-303.
[27]Hsiue G H,Liu Y L,Liao H H.Flame-retardant Epoxy Resins:An Approach From Organic-inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposites[J].Journal of Polymer Science Part A:Polymer Chemistry,2001,39(7):986-996.
[28]Cheng X,Shi W.Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Silicon-containing Epoxy Resin Used for UV-curable Flame-retardant Coatings[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2011,103(1):303-310.
[29]Ravadits I,Toth A,Marosi G,et al.Organosilicon Surface Layer on Polyolefins to Achieve Improved Flame Retardancy Through an Oxygen Barrier Effect[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2001,74(3):419-422.
[30]Zhong H,Wei P,Jiang P,et al.Synthesis and Characteristics of a Novel Silicon-containing Flame Retardant and Its Application in Poly[2,2-propane-(bisphenol)Carbonate]/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene[J].Journal of Polymer Science Part B:Polymer Physics,2007,45(13):1542-1551.
[31]Kambour R P.,Klopfer H J,Smith S A.Limiting Oxygen Indices of Silicone Block Polymer[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1981,26(3):847-859.
[32]Iji M,Serizawa S.Silicone Derivatives as New Flame Retardants for Aromatic Thermoplastics Used in Electronic Devices[J].Polymers for Advanced Technologies,1998,9(10/11):593-600.
[33]Nishizawa H.The Latest Trend of Polymer Flame Retardant Technology(2)Intumescent Flame Reterdant and Silicone Flame Retardant[J].Poly File,1996,33(2):58-61.
[34]Hippi U,Mattila J,Korhonen M,et al.Compatibilization of Polyethylene/Aluminum Hydroxide(PE/ATH)and Polyethylene/Magnesium Hydroxide(PE/MH)Composites with Functionalized Polyethylenes[J].Polymer,2003,44(4):1193-1201.
[35]Hu Y,Han X,Tan R,et al.Effects of Magnesium Hydroxide on Combustion Products of Polystyrene[J].Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics,2007,20(2):185-190.
[36]Wenguang C,Yanlei G,Qing W,et al.Influence of the Surface Modification of a Filler on the Properties of Highimpact Polystyrene Composites[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,112(1):359-365.
[37]Yan Y W,Huang J Q,Guan Y H,et al.Flame Retardance and Thermal Degradation Mechanism of Polystyrene Modified with Aluminum Hypophosphite[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2014,99:35-42.
[38]Horacek H,Grabner R.Advantages of Flame Retardants Based on Nitrogen Compounds[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,1996,54(2):205-215.
[39]Sun S,He Y,Wang X,et al.Flammability Characteristics and Performance of Halogen-free Flame-retarded Polyoxymethylene Based on Phosphorus-Nitrogen Synergistic Effects[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2010,118(1):611-622.
[40]Gao F.Tong L F,Fang Z P.Effect of a Novel Phosphorous-nitrogen Containing Intumescent Flame Retardant on the Fire Retardancy and the Thermal Behaviour of Poly(butylene terephthalate)[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2006,91(6)-1295-1299.
[41]Chen Y,Liu Y,Wang Q,et al.Performance of Intumescent Flame Retardant Master Batch Synthesized Through Twin-screw Reactively Extruding Technology:Effect of Component Ratio[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2003,81(2):215-224.
[42]Tai Q,Hu Y,Yuen R K K,et al.Synthesis,Structureproperty Relationships of Polyphosphoramides with High Char Residues[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2011,21(18):6621-6627.
[43]Lorenzetti A,Besco S,Hrelja D,et al.Phosphinates and Layered Silicates in Charring Polymers:The Flame Retardancy Action in Polyurethane Foams[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2013,98(11)-2366-2374.
[44]Bras M L,Bugajny M,Lefebvre J M,et al.Use of Polyurethanes as Char-forming Agents in Polypropylene Intumescent Formulations[J].Polymer International,2000,49(10):1115-1124.
[45]Lu S Y,Hamerton L Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymers[J].Progress in Polymer Science,2002,27(8):1661-1712.
[46]Chen J,Liu S,Zhao J.Synthesis,Application and Flame Retardancy Mechanism of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Silicon and Caged Bicyclic Phosphate for Polyamide 6[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2011,96(8):1508-1515.
[47]闫莉,桑冀蒙,苏桂仙,等.聚合型磷-硅阻燃剂的合成及在聚苯乙烯中的应用[J].功能材料,2016,47(3):3021-3026.Yan Li,Sang Jimeng,Su Guixian,et al.Synthesis of Polymeric Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus-silicon and the Application in Polystyrene[J].Journal of Functional Materials,2016,47(3):3021-3026.
[48]Jiang S,Yu B,Zhou K,et al.Sol-gel Synthesis and Enhanced Properties of a Novel Transparent PMMA Based Organic-inorganic Hybrid Containing Phosphorus,Nitrogen and Silicon[J].Journal of Sol-gel Science and Technology,2014,69(2):418-428.
[49]Li Q,Jiang P,Su Z,et al.Synergistic Effect of Phosphorus,Nitrogen,and Silicon on Flame-retardant Properties and Char Yield in Polypropylene[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2005,96(3):854-860.
[50]Wu D,Zhong H,Du J.Effect of Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus and Silicone on Thermal Performance of PC/ABS[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-mater Sci Ed,2009,24(2):235-240.
[2]Attia N F,Afifi H A,Hassan M A Synergistic Study of Carbon Nanotubes,Rice Husk Ash and Flame Retardant Materials on the Flammability of Polystyrene Nanocomposites[J].Materials Today:Proceedings,2015,2(7):3998-4005.
[3]Han Y,Wu Y,Shen M,et al.Preparation and Properties of Polystyrene Nanocomposites with Graphite Oxide and Graphene as Flame Retardants[J].Journal of Materials Science,2013,48(12):4214-4222.
[4]Hu W,Yu B,Jiang S D,et al.Hyper-branched Polymer Grafting Graphene Oxide as an Effective Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant for Polystyrene[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,300:58-66.
[5]崔锦峰,郭永亮,邵竟尧,等.元素杂化阻燃丙烯酸树脂的研究进展[J].中国塑料,2016,30(1):15-21.Cui Jinfeng,Guo Yongliang,Shao Jingyao,et al.Research Progress in Element Hybrid Flame-retardant Acrylic resin[J].China Plastics,2016,30(1):15-21.'
[6]Han Y,Wu Y,Shen M,et al.Preparation and Properties of Polystyrene Nanocomposites with Graphite Oxide and Graphene as Flame Retardants[J].Journal of Materials Science,2013,48(12):4214-4222.
[7]Filippi S,Mameli E,Marazzato C,et al.Comparison ofSolution-blending and Melt-intercalation for the Preparation of Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)/Organoclay Nanocomposites[J].European Polymer Journal,2007,43(5):1645-1659.
[8]Ebdon J R,Price D,Hunt B J,et al.Flame Retardance in Some Polystyrenes and Poly(methyl methacrylate)s with Covalently Bound Phosphorus-containing Groups-.Initial Screening Experiments and Some Laser Pyrolysis Mechanistic Studies[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2000,69(3).-267-277.
[9]Canadell J,Hunt B J,Cook A G,et al.Flame Retardance and Shrinkage Reduction.of Polystyrene Modified with Acrylate-containing Phosphorus and Crosslinkable Spiro-orthoester Moieties[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2007,92(8):1482-1490.
[10]Price D,Cunliffe L K,Bullett K J,et al.Thermal Behaviour of Covalently Bonded Phosphate and Phosphonate Flame Retardant Polystyrene Systems[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2007,92(6):1101-1114.
[11]Guo Z H,Pereira T,Choi O,et al.Surface Functionalized Alumina Nanoparticle Filled Polymeric Nanocomposites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2006,16(27):2800-2808.
[12]Baskaran D,Mays J W,Bratcher M S.Polymer Adsorption in the Grafting Reactions of Hydroxyl Terminal Polymers with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes[J].Polymer,2005,46(14):5050-5057.
[13]Cui W G,Gao Y L,Wei Q,et al.Influence of the Surface Modification of a Filler on the Properties of Highimpact Polystyrene Composites[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,112(1):359-365.
[14]Pavlidoua S,Papaspyrides C D,A Review on Polymerlayered Silicate Nanocomposites[J].Prog Polym Sci,2008,33(12):1119-1198.
[15]Wang B,Zhang,H,Evans DG,et al.Surface Modification of Layered Double Hydroxides and Incorporation of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2005,92(1):190-196.
[16]Morgan A B,Harris R H,Kashiwagi T,et al.Flammability of Polystyrene Layered Silicate(clay)Nanocomposites:Carbonaceous Char Formation[J].Fire and Materials,2002,26(6):247-253.
[17]J C de Macedo Neto·J.E Neto,R Botan·L M F Lona,W A Pippo,et al.Polystyrene/Kaolinite Nanocomposite Synthesis and Characterization Via in Situ Emulsion Polymerization[J].Polymer Bulletin,2015,72(3):387-404.
[18]Salaun F,Lewandowski M,Vroman I,et al.Development and Characterisation of Flame-retardant Fibres from Isotactic Polypropylene Melt-compounded with Melamine-formaldehyde Microcapsules[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2011,96(1):131-143.
[19]Braun U,Schartel B,Fichera M A,et al.Flame Retardancy Mechanisms of Aluminium Phosphinate in Combination with Melamine Polyphosphate and Zinc Borate in Glass-fibre Reinforced Polyarhide 6,6[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2007,92(8):1528-1545.
[20]Liu J,Peng S,Zhang Y,et al.Influence of Microencapsulated Red Phosphorus on the Flame Retardancy of High Impact Polystyrene/Magnesium Hydroxide Composite and Its Mode of Action[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2015,121:208-221.
[21]Yan Y W,Chen L,Jian R K,et al.Intumescence:An Effect Way to Flame Retardance and Smoke Suppression for Polystryene[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2012,97(8):1423-1431.
[22]Lu S Y,Hamerton I.Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymers[J].Progress in Polymer Science,2002,27(8):1661-1712.
[23]Banks M,Ebdon J R,Johnson M.The Flame-retardant Effect of Diethyl Vinyl Phosphonate in Copolymers with Styrene,Methyl Methacrylate,Acrylonitrile and Acrylamide[J].Polymer,1994,35(16):3470-3473.
[24]Czegeny Z,Blazso M Effect of Phosphorous Flame Retardants on the Thermal Decomposition of Vinyl Polymers and Copolymers[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2008,81(2):218-224.
[25]Howell B A,Uzibor J.Thermal Stability of Poly(Styrene)Containing Phosphorus in the Mainchain[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2006,85(1):45-51.
[26]Kandola B K,Horrocks A R.Complex Char Formation in Flame-retarded Fibre-intumescent Combinations—IL Thermal Analytical Studies[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,1996,54(2):289-303.
[27]Hsiue G H,Liu Y L,Liao H H.Flame-retardant Epoxy Resins:An Approach From Organic-inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposites[J].Journal of Polymer Science Part A:Polymer Chemistry,2001,39(7):986-996.
[28]Cheng X,Shi W.Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Silicon-containing Epoxy Resin Used for UV-curable Flame-retardant Coatings[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2011,103(1):303-310.
[29]Ravadits I,Toth A,Marosi G,et al.Organosilicon Surface Layer on Polyolefins to Achieve Improved Flame Retardancy Through an Oxygen Barrier Effect[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2001,74(3):419-422.
[30]Zhong H,Wei P,Jiang P,et al.Synthesis and Characteristics of a Novel Silicon-containing Flame Retardant and Its Application in Poly[2,2-propane-(bisphenol)Carbonate]/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene[J].Journal of Polymer Science Part B:Polymer Physics,2007,45(13):1542-1551.
[31]Kambour R P.,Klopfer H J,Smith S A.Limiting Oxygen Indices of Silicone Block Polymer[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1981,26(3):847-859.
[32]Iji M,Serizawa S.Silicone Derivatives as New Flame Retardants for Aromatic Thermoplastics Used in Electronic Devices[J].Polymers for Advanced Technologies,1998,9(10/11):593-600.
[33]Nishizawa H.The Latest Trend of Polymer Flame Retardant Technology(2)Intumescent Flame Reterdant and Silicone Flame Retardant[J].Poly File,1996,33(2):58-61.
[34]Hippi U,Mattila J,Korhonen M,et al.Compatibilization of Polyethylene/Aluminum Hydroxide(PE/ATH)and Polyethylene/Magnesium Hydroxide(PE/MH)Composites with Functionalized Polyethylenes[J].Polymer,2003,44(4):1193-1201.
[35]Hu Y,Han X,Tan R,et al.Effects of Magnesium Hydroxide on Combustion Products of Polystyrene[J].Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics,2007,20(2):185-190.
[36]Wenguang C,Yanlei G,Qing W,et al.Influence of the Surface Modification of a Filler on the Properties of Highimpact Polystyrene Composites[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,112(1):359-365.
[37]Yan Y W,Huang J Q,Guan Y H,et al.Flame Retardance and Thermal Degradation Mechanism of Polystyrene Modified with Aluminum Hypophosphite[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2014,99:35-42.
[38]Horacek H,Grabner R.Advantages of Flame Retardants Based on Nitrogen Compounds[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,1996,54(2):205-215.
[39]Sun S,He Y,Wang X,et al.Flammability Characteristics and Performance of Halogen-free Flame-retarded Polyoxymethylene Based on Phosphorus-Nitrogen Synergistic Effects[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2010,118(1):611-622.
[40]Gao F.Tong L F,Fang Z P.Effect of a Novel Phosphorous-nitrogen Containing Intumescent Flame Retardant on the Fire Retardancy and the Thermal Behaviour of Poly(butylene terephthalate)[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2006,91(6)-1295-1299.
[41]Chen Y,Liu Y,Wang Q,et al.Performance of Intumescent Flame Retardant Master Batch Synthesized Through Twin-screw Reactively Extruding Technology:Effect of Component Ratio[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2003,81(2):215-224.
[42]Tai Q,Hu Y,Yuen R K K,et al.Synthesis,Structureproperty Relationships of Polyphosphoramides with High Char Residues[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2011,21(18):6621-6627.
[43]Lorenzetti A,Besco S,Hrelja D,et al.Phosphinates and Layered Silicates in Charring Polymers:The Flame Retardancy Action in Polyurethane Foams[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2013,98(11)-2366-2374.
[44]Bras M L,Bugajny M,Lefebvre J M,et al.Use of Polyurethanes as Char-forming Agents in Polypropylene Intumescent Formulations[J].Polymer International,2000,49(10):1115-1124.
[45]Lu S Y,Hamerton L Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymers[J].Progress in Polymer Science,2002,27(8):1661-1712.
[46]Chen J,Liu S,Zhao J.Synthesis,Application and Flame Retardancy Mechanism of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Silicon and Caged Bicyclic Phosphate for Polyamide 6[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2011,96(8):1508-1515.
[47]闫莉,桑冀蒙,苏桂仙,等.聚合型磷-硅阻燃剂的合成及在聚苯乙烯中的应用[J].功能材料,2016,47(3):3021-3026.Yan Li,Sang Jimeng,Su Guixian,et al.Synthesis of Polymeric Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus-silicon and the Application in Polystyrene[J].Journal of Functional Materials,2016,47(3):3021-3026.
[48]Jiang S,Yu B,Zhou K,et al.Sol-gel Synthesis and Enhanced Properties of a Novel Transparent PMMA Based Organic-inorganic Hybrid Containing Phosphorus,Nitrogen and Silicon[J].Journal of Sol-gel Science and Technology,2014,69(2):418-428.
[49]Li Q,Jiang P,Su Z,et al.Synergistic Effect of Phosphorus,Nitrogen,and Silicon on Flame-retardant Properties and Char Yield in Polypropylene[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2005,96(3):854-860.
[50]Wu D,Zhong H,Du J.Effect of Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus and Silicone on Thermal Performance of PC/ABS[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-mater Sci Ed,2009,24(2):235-240.