油菜蚜虫防治用药对蜜蜂的急性毒性与风险评价
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摘要
为评价油菜蚜虫防治用药对蜜蜂的影响,测定了9种常用于防治油菜蚜虫的杀虫剂对意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的急性毒性,并采用商值法开展喷施场景下的蜜蜂风险评价。结果显示,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂(以有效成分质量分数计,下同)、10%烯啶虫胺水剂、25%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、5%丁硫克百威乳油和2. 5%溴氰菊酯乳油对蜜蜂均为高毒,但对蜜蜂的风险水平却不尽相同,其中25%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂、10%烯啶虫胺水剂和2. 5%溴氰菊酯乳油对蜜蜂的风险不可接受,5%丁硫克百威乳油可通过减少用量来降低对蜜蜂的风险;50%抗蚜威可湿性粉剂对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性等级分别为中毒和低毒,也需要通过减少用量来降低对蜜蜂的风险;5%啶虫脒乳油、48%噻虫啉悬浮剂和25%吡蚜酮悬浮剂对蜜蜂的毒性等级分别为中毒、低毒和低毒,风险可接受。因此油菜蚜虫防治可优先选用对蜜蜂风险性低的品种(噻虫啉、吡蚜酮),建议施用其他杀虫剂时避开养蜂区和蜜源期,降低对蜜蜂的毒性风险。
Insecticides are used for the controlling of aphids in oilseed rape fields.To evaluate the effects of insecticides on honeybees(Apis mellifera)in oilseed rape fields,acute toxicities of 9 insecticides were tested. Meanwhile,risk assessment was carried out by risk quotients(RQ)method when the 9 insecticides were applied by spraying. The results showed that:the toxicity levels of 70% imidacridine WG,10% dimethylamine AS,25% thiazolazine SC,5% dithiocarbamate GF and 2. 5% deltamethrin EC to honeybees were all at high class. However,the risk levels were different,and the risk of 25% thiazolazine SC,70% imidacridine WG,10% dimethylamine AS and 2. 5% deltamethrin EC were unacceptable to honeybees. The risk of 5% dithiocarbamate GF to honeybees could be reduced by decreasing the amount and frequency of use. The oral and contact toxicity of 50% pirimicarb WP were moderate and low to honeybees,respectively,and the risk could also be reduced by decreasing the amount and frequency of use. The toxicity levels of 5% acetamiprid EC,48% thiacloprid SC and 25% pymetrozine SC to honeybees were moderate,low and low,respectively. The risk levels of those insecticides are acceptable. The insecticides with low-risk to honeybees such as thiacloprid and pymetrozine could be priority to control the aphids in oilseed rape fields. In order to decrease the hazard of insecticides on honeybees,it is recommended to avoid using insecticides with high-risk in beekeeping areas and in blooming period of honey source crops.
Insecticides are used for the controlling of aphids in oilseed rape fields.To evaluate the effects of insecticides on honeybees(Apis mellifera)in oilseed rape fields,acute toxicities of 9 insecticides were tested. Meanwhile,risk assessment was carried out by risk quotients(RQ)method when the 9 insecticides were applied by spraying. The results showed that:the toxicity levels of 70% imidacridine WG,10% dimethylamine AS,25% thiazolazine SC,5% dithiocarbamate GF and 2. 5% deltamethrin EC to honeybees were all at high class. However,the risk levels were different,and the risk of 25% thiazolazine SC,70% imidacridine WG,10% dimethylamine AS and 2. 5% deltamethrin EC were unacceptable to honeybees. The risk of 5% dithiocarbamate GF to honeybees could be reduced by decreasing the amount and frequency of use. The oral and contact toxicity of 50% pirimicarb WP were moderate and low to honeybees,respectively,and the risk could also be reduced by decreasing the amount and frequency of use. The toxicity levels of 5% acetamiprid EC,48% thiacloprid SC and 25% pymetrozine SC to honeybees were moderate,low and low,respectively. The risk levels of those insecticides are acceptable. The insecticides with low-risk to honeybees such as thiacloprid and pymetrozine could be priority to control the aphids in oilseed rape fields. In order to decrease the hazard of insecticides on honeybees,it is recommended to avoid using insecticides with high-risk in beekeeping areas and in blooming period of honey source crops.
引文
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[8]刘丽丽,李吉海.新烟碱类杀虫剂的进展与合成[J].山东化工,2003,32(1):11-16.[LIU Li-li,LI Ji-hai. Advance and Synthesis of Newnicotinoid Insecticides[J]. Shandong Chemical Industry,2003,32(1):11-16.]
[9]徐庆丰,田超.高效杀虫剂吡蚜酮的合成[J].安徽农学通报,2013,19(4):76-77.[XU Qing-feng,TIAN Chao. The Systhesis of Insecticide Pymetrozine[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,19(4):76-77.]
[10]姜雅君.基甲酸酯类杀虫剂丁硫克百威[J].农药,1998,37(9):45-45.
[11]李新.拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂研发及市场概况[J].农药,2016,55(9):625-630.[LI Xin. The R&D and MarketProfile ofthe Pyrethroid Insecticides[J]. Pesticides,2016,55(9):625-630.]
[12] GB/T 31270. 10—2014,化学农药环境安全评价试验准则第10部分:蜜蜂急性毒性试验[S].[GB/T 31270. 10-2014,Test Guidelines on Environmental Safety Assessment for Chemical Pesticides:Part 10:Honeybee Acute Toxicity Test[S].]
[13]罗术东,安建东,李继莲,等.化学农药对蜜蜂的急性毒性测定方法与危害评价[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,35(3):320-324.[LUO Shu-dong,AN Jian-dong,LI Ji-lian,et al. Hazard Assessment and Methods to Measure the Acute Toxicity of Chemical Pesticides to Bees[J]. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natutal Sciences),2009,35(3):320-324.]
[14] NY/T 2882. 4—2016,农药登记环境风险评估指南第4部分:蜜蜂[S].
[15] EFSA. EFSA Identifies Risks to Bees From Neonicotinoids[N/OL].(2013-01-16)[2018-03-01]. http://www. efsa. europa.eu/en/press/news/130116. htm? utm_source=homepage&utm_medium=infocus&utm_campaign=beehealth.
[16] EFSA. Regarding Risks for Bees Related to the Use of the Neonicotinoid Pesticides Thiamethoxam,Clothianidin and Imidacloprid[R].[s. l.]:EFSA,2013.
[17] USEPA. Guidance for Assessing Pesticide Risks to Bees[R].[s. l.]:USEPA,2014.
[18] USEPA. EPA Actions to Protect Pollinators[EB/OL].(2017-07-01)[2018-03-01]. http://www2. epa. gov/pollinator-protection/epa-actions-protect-pollinators.
[2]李洪芳.蜜蜂传粉在油菜增产中的应用技术[J].北方园艺,2007(11):123-123.
[3]高新云,蔡继红.农药中毒事件应引起各方重视[J].中国蜂业,2007,58(2):41-41.
[4]李位三,王启发.作物花期喷施农药的负效应分析[J].养蜂科技,2002(6):6-7.
[5] DESNEUX N,DECOURTYE A,DELPUECH J M. The Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods[J]. Annual Review of Entomology,2007,52:81-106.
[6]吴迟,姜辉,王长宾,等.四种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及初级风险评估[J].农药学学报,2015,17(4):486-491.[WU Chi,JIANG Hui,WANG Chang-bin,et al. Acute Toxicity and First Tier Risk Assessment of Four Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Honeybees[J]. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science,2015,17(4):486-491.]
[7]季守民,程传英,袁传卫,等. 7种新烟碱类杀虫剂对意大利蜜蜂的急性毒性及风险评价[J].农药,2015,54(4):282-285.[JI Shou-min,CHENG Chuan-ying,YUAN Chuan-wei,et al.Acute Toxicity and Risk Assessment of Seven Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Honeybees(Apis mellifera L.)[J]. Pesticides,2015,54(4):282-285.]
[8]刘丽丽,李吉海.新烟碱类杀虫剂的进展与合成[J].山东化工,2003,32(1):11-16.[LIU Li-li,LI Ji-hai. Advance and Synthesis of Newnicotinoid Insecticides[J]. Shandong Chemical Industry,2003,32(1):11-16.]
[9]徐庆丰,田超.高效杀虫剂吡蚜酮的合成[J].安徽农学通报,2013,19(4):76-77.[XU Qing-feng,TIAN Chao. The Systhesis of Insecticide Pymetrozine[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,19(4):76-77.]
[10]姜雅君.基甲酸酯类杀虫剂丁硫克百威[J].农药,1998,37(9):45-45.
[11]李新.拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂研发及市场概况[J].农药,2016,55(9):625-630.[LI Xin. The R&D and MarketProfile ofthe Pyrethroid Insecticides[J]. Pesticides,2016,55(9):625-630.]
[12] GB/T 31270. 10—2014,化学农药环境安全评价试验准则第10部分:蜜蜂急性毒性试验[S].[GB/T 31270. 10-2014,Test Guidelines on Environmental Safety Assessment for Chemical Pesticides:Part 10:Honeybee Acute Toxicity Test[S].]
[13]罗术东,安建东,李继莲,等.化学农药对蜜蜂的急性毒性测定方法与危害评价[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,35(3):320-324.[LUO Shu-dong,AN Jian-dong,LI Ji-lian,et al. Hazard Assessment and Methods to Measure the Acute Toxicity of Chemical Pesticides to Bees[J]. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natutal Sciences),2009,35(3):320-324.]
[14] NY/T 2882. 4—2016,农药登记环境风险评估指南第4部分:蜜蜂[S].
[15] EFSA. EFSA Identifies Risks to Bees From Neonicotinoids[N/OL].(2013-01-16)[2018-03-01]. http://www. efsa. europa.eu/en/press/news/130116. htm? utm_source=homepage&utm_medium=infocus&utm_campaign=beehealth.
[16] EFSA. Regarding Risks for Bees Related to the Use of the Neonicotinoid Pesticides Thiamethoxam,Clothianidin and Imidacloprid[R].[s. l.]:EFSA,2013.
[17] USEPA. Guidance for Assessing Pesticide Risks to Bees[R].[s. l.]:USEPA,2014.
[18] USEPA. EPA Actions to Protect Pollinators[EB/OL].(2017-07-01)[2018-03-01]. http://www2. epa. gov/pollinator-protection/epa-actions-protect-pollinators.