船舶锚泊活动对海底管道埋深的影响
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摘要
海底油气管道保护是管道工程领域的重点工作,在沿海特别是海上交通密集区域,船舶的锚泊活动是引起管道事故的重要因素。为了有效防范管道被船锚破坏,需要综合分析船锚在海底的入土深度,确定一个合理的埋深值。对比了国内外关于海底管道埋深的不同标准,分析了船舶锚泊活动可能对海底管道造成损害的类型,从抛锚情况下锚触底后的贯穿量和拖锚情况下锚爪能够啮入海底的最大深度两方面分析了锚泊活动与海底管道埋深的关系。结合国外规定的埋深值,建议沿海船舶交通密集区域海底管道较为合理的埋深值为1.5～2 m。(图2,表4,参21)
The protection of submarine pipelines has always been the key point in the pipeline engineering. In the offshore waters, especially in the maritime traffic-intensive waters, the anchoring activities of ships have always been an important factor leading to pipeline incidents. A reasonable value of burial depth should be proposed by comprehensively analyzing the embedded depth of the anchor in the seabed, so as to effectively avoid the damage to the pipelines by the anchors. Domestic and foreign standards on the burial depth of submarine pipeline were compared, and the types of the possible damage to submarine pipelines by anchoring activities were analyzed. Then, the relationships between the anchoring activities of ships and the burial depth of submarine pipeline were analyzed from two aspects, i.e., the penetrating depth after the anchor hits the seabed during the anchoring and the maximum depth that the anchor fluke can run into the seabed while dragging the anchor.Based on the burial depths in foreign standards, it is suggested that a more reasonable burial depth of submarine pipeline is1.5-2 m in the maritime traffic-intensive waters.(2 Figures, 4 Tables, 21 References)
The protection of submarine pipelines has always been the key point in the pipeline engineering. In the offshore waters, especially in the maritime traffic-intensive waters, the anchoring activities of ships have always been an important factor leading to pipeline incidents. A reasonable value of burial depth should be proposed by comprehensively analyzing the embedded depth of the anchor in the seabed, so as to effectively avoid the damage to the pipelines by the anchors. Domestic and foreign standards on the burial depth of submarine pipeline were compared, and the types of the possible damage to submarine pipelines by anchoring activities were analyzed. Then, the relationships between the anchoring activities of ships and the burial depth of submarine pipeline were analyzed from two aspects, i.e., the penetrating depth after the anchor hits the seabed during the anchoring and the maximum depth that the anchor fluke can run into the seabed while dragging the anchor.Based on the burial depths in foreign standards, it is suggested that a more reasonable burial depth of submarine pipeline is1.5-2 m in the maritime traffic-intensive waters.(2 Figures, 4 Tables, 21 References)
引文
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[12]张照煌,叶定海,袁昕.楔形刃压头作用下岩石力学性能研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2011,19(6):978-985.ZHANG Z H,YE D H,YUAN X.A study of rock mechanical properties under the effect of the wedge-shaped blade dead[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2011,19(6):978-985.
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[14]YAN S W,GUO B C,SUN L Q,et al.Analytical and experimental studies of dragging hall anchors through rock berm[J].Ocean Engineering,2015,108:529-538.
[15]冯雅萍,李英,吴子昂.船舶抛锚对浅水区埋置管道的损伤分析[J].船海工程,2017,46(4):169-172.FENG Y P,LI Y,WU Z A.Analysis of impact on submarine buried pipelines from dropped anchor in shallow water[J].Ship&Ocean Engineering,2017,46(4):169-172.
[16]Equasis.The world merchant fleet in 2017[EB/OL].(2018-05)[2019-02-01].http://www.emsa.europa.eu/equasis-statistics/download/5459/472/23.html.
[17]于洋.海洋运输船舶首锚重量统计分析[J].大连海事大学学报,2016,42(4):33-40.YU Y.A statistic analysis of bow anchor weights of sea-going merchant ships[J].Journal of Dalian Maritime University,2016,42(4):33-40.
[18]赵冬岩,王琮,罗超,等.社会环境因素对海底管道埋设深度的影响[J].中国海上油气,2010,22(4):275-278.ZHAO D Y,WANG Z,LUO C,et al.Social environmental factors impact on the buried depth of subsea pipeline[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2010,22(4):275-278.
[19]DAVIS A R,BROAD A,GULLETT W,et al.Anchors away?The impacts of anchor scour by ocean-going vessels and potential response options[J].Marine Policy,2016,73:1-7.
[20]YU J X,ZHAO Y Y,LI T Y.A three-dimensional numerical method to study pipeline deformations due to transverse impacts from dropped anchors[J].Thin-Walled Structures,2016,103:22-32.
[21]DNV-GL Group.Risk assessment of pipeline protection:DNV-RP-F107[EB/OL].(2017-05)[2017-06-15].https://www.dnvgl.com/oilgas/pipelines/pipeline-codes-download.html.
[2]McDermott International.Challenges with subsea pipeline integrity management in the Middle East[EB/OL].(2015-02-12)[2019-02-01].https://www.subseauk.com/documents/presentations/manoj_kulshrestha_-_mcdermott_v2.pdf.
[3]TIAN W M.Integrated method for the detection and location of underwater pipelines[J].Applied Acoustics,2008,69(5):387-398.
[4]BISSO MARINE.Pipeline burial&excavation overview[EB/OL].(2016-01-15)[2019-02-01].https://www.bissomarine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/BISSO-MARINE-PIPELINE-BURIAL-EXCAVATION-OVERVIEW.pdf.
[5]ABS.Guide for building and classing subsea pipeline system[EB/OL].(2018-03-11)[2019-02-01].https://ww2.eagle.org/content/dam/eagle/rules-and-guides/current/offshore/64_subseapipelinesystems/Pipeline_Guide_e-Mar18.pdf.
[6]蓝天,余建星,张英,等.基于ABAQUS的拖锚载荷对海底管道的影响研究[J].天津理工大学学报,2014,30(1):1-5.LAN T,YU J X,ZHANG Y,et al.Study of anchor dragging on submarine pipeline based on ABAQUS[J].Journal of Tianjin University of Technology,2014,30(1):1-5.
[7]张磊.基于船舶应急抛锚的海底管道埋深及保护研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2013:34-37.ZHANG L.The research of the burial depth and protection of the submarine pipelines based on the ship’s emergency anchoring[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology,2013:34-37.
[8]王宏明.船舶抛锚对渤海湾海底管道撞击影响[J].中国航海,2015,38(2):56-59.WANG H M.Action of ship anchoring on submarine pipeline in Bohai Bay[J].Navigation of China,2015,38(2):56-59.
[9]陈小玲.春晓气田群海底管道稳定性分析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004:46-49.CHEN X L.The stability analysis for Chunxiao gas complex submarine pipeline[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004:46-49.
[10]庄元,宋少桥.海底管道埋深问题研究[J].大连海事大学学报,2013,39(1):61-64.ZHUANG Y,SONG S Q.Study on the depth of submerged pipeline[J].Journal of Dalian Maritime University,2013,39(1):61-64.
[11]周健南,王斌,金丰年,等.侵彻岩石深度计算公式对比分析[J].弹箭与制导学报,2007,27(5):119-121,112.ZHOU J N,WANG B,JIN F N,et al.Analysis on depth calculation of projectiles penetration into rocks[J].Journal of Projectiles,Rockets,Missiles and Guidance,2007,27(5):119-121,112.
[12]张照煌,叶定海,袁昕.楔形刃压头作用下岩石力学性能研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2011,19(6):978-985.ZHANG Z H,YE D H,YUAN X.A study of rock mechanical properties under the effect of the wedge-shaped blade dead[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2011,19(6):978-985.
[13]李学东,李亚斌,陈伟.船锚触底贯穿量计算方法[J].中国航海,2016,39(1):85-87,128.LI X D,LI Y B,CHEN W.Penetrating depth of anchor into seabed[J].Navigation of China,2016,39(1):85-87,128.
[14]YAN S W,GUO B C,SUN L Q,et al.Analytical and experimental studies of dragging hall anchors through rock berm[J].Ocean Engineering,2015,108:529-538.
[15]冯雅萍,李英,吴子昂.船舶抛锚对浅水区埋置管道的损伤分析[J].船海工程,2017,46(4):169-172.FENG Y P,LI Y,WU Z A.Analysis of impact on submarine buried pipelines from dropped anchor in shallow water[J].Ship&Ocean Engineering,2017,46(4):169-172.
[16]Equasis.The world merchant fleet in 2017[EB/OL].(2018-05)[2019-02-01].http://www.emsa.europa.eu/equasis-statistics/download/5459/472/23.html.
[17]于洋.海洋运输船舶首锚重量统计分析[J].大连海事大学学报,2016,42(4):33-40.YU Y.A statistic analysis of bow anchor weights of sea-going merchant ships[J].Journal of Dalian Maritime University,2016,42(4):33-40.
[18]赵冬岩,王琮,罗超,等.社会环境因素对海底管道埋设深度的影响[J].中国海上油气,2010,22(4):275-278.ZHAO D Y,WANG Z,LUO C,et al.Social environmental factors impact on the buried depth of subsea pipeline[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2010,22(4):275-278.
[19]DAVIS A R,BROAD A,GULLETT W,et al.Anchors away?The impacts of anchor scour by ocean-going vessels and potential response options[J].Marine Policy,2016,73:1-7.
[20]YU J X,ZHAO Y Y,LI T Y.A three-dimensional numerical method to study pipeline deformations due to transverse impacts from dropped anchors[J].Thin-Walled Structures,2016,103:22-32.
[21]DNV-GL Group.Risk assessment of pipeline protection:DNV-RP-F107[EB/OL].(2017-05)[2017-06-15].https://www.dnvgl.com/oilgas/pipelines/pipeline-codes-download.html.