COSMIC掩星资料在青藏高原地区的偏差特征
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摘要
利用2007—2013年COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate)掩星RO(Radio Occutaion)资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心ECM WF(European Centre for M ediumRange Weather Forecasts)分析资料,研究了COSM IC RO探测的大气折射率及其反演的温度和水汽在青藏高原及其周边地区的偏差特征。结果表明,在夏季和秋季,高原,西南季风区和东部平原地区,大气折射率在对流层里均存在系统性的正偏差,其中高原偏差最大,在夏季可达0. 7%。冬季和春季,大气折射率在青藏高原对流层中下部有小的正偏差,而在西南季风区和平原地区对流层中下部有明显的负偏差。温度和水汽是折射率的反演产品,折射率的正偏差对应着温度的负偏差和水汽的正偏差。因此夏季高原地区的温度和相对湿度偏差可达-0. 5℃和7%。同时,夏季在西南季风区对流层顶出现了11%的相对湿度偏差。对流层下层折射率的负偏差和低层大气多路径效应有关,折射率正偏差和大气中的云水有关。对流层顶附近的相对湿度偏差,则是由于ECMWF模式结果不精确所引入的。
COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate) RO(Radio Occutaion) data are collocated in space and time with ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) analyses during 7 year period from 2007 to 2013 over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas. Atmospheric refractivity,temperature and relative humidity derived from COSMIC GPS ROs are compared with those of the ECMWF analysis. It is found the COSMIC GPS RO refractivity observations are systematically greater than the refractivity calculated from ECMWF analyses in summer and autumn. The fractional refractivity bias over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is larger than that over southwest monsoon area and plain with the value of0.7%. In winter and spring the refractivity bias over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is positive,while that over southwest monsoon area and plain is negative. Temperature and water vapor of GPS RO are derived from refractivity. The positive bias of refractivity is highly correlated with positive water vapor bias and negative temperature bias. The bias of relative humidity and temperature are 7% and 0.5 ℃,respectively over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It is noted that relative humidity bias can reach 11% at the top of troposphere over southwest monsoon area.The lower tropospheric negative refractivity biases are related to the multi-path effect,and the positive biases in the middle and lower troposphere are the result of the influence of cloud. The occurrence of relative humidity bias near the tropopause is due to the inaccuracy of the ECMWF mode results.
COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate) RO(Radio Occutaion) data are collocated in space and time with ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) analyses during 7 year period from 2007 to 2013 over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas. Atmospheric refractivity,temperature and relative humidity derived from COSMIC GPS ROs are compared with those of the ECMWF analysis. It is found the COSMIC GPS RO refractivity observations are systematically greater than the refractivity calculated from ECMWF analyses in summer and autumn. The fractional refractivity bias over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is larger than that over southwest monsoon area and plain with the value of0.7%. In winter and spring the refractivity bias over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is positive,while that over southwest monsoon area and plain is negative. Temperature and water vapor of GPS RO are derived from refractivity. The positive bias of refractivity is highly correlated with positive water vapor bias and negative temperature bias. The bias of relative humidity and temperature are 7% and 0.5 ℃,respectively over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It is noted that relative humidity bias can reach 11% at the top of troposphere over southwest monsoon area.The lower tropospheric negative refractivity biases are related to the multi-path effect,and the positive biases in the middle and lower troposphere are the result of the influence of cloud. The occurrence of relative humidity bias near the tropopause is due to the inaccuracy of the ECMWF mode results.
引文
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Borsche M,Kirchengast G,Foelsche U,2007.Tropical tropopause climatology as observed with radio occultation measurements from CHAMP compared to ECMWF and NCEP analyses[J].Geophysical Research Letters,34(3):L03702.DOI:10.1029/2006GL027918.
Chen X L,M a Y M,Kelder H,et al,2011.On the behaviour of the tropopause folding events over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,11(10):5113-5122.DOI:10.5194/acp-11-5113-2011.
Duan A M,Wu G X,2005.Role of the Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing in the summer climate patterns over subtropical Asia[J].Climate Dynamics,24(7-8):793-807.DOI:10.1007/s00382-004-0488-8.
Feng S,Fu Y,Xiao Q,2011.Is the tropopause higher over the Tibetan Plateau?Observational evidence from Constellation Observing System for M eteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate(COSM IC)data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,116(D21):21121.DOI:10.1029/2011JD016140.
Foelsche U,Borsche M,Steiner A K,et al,2008.Observing upper troposphere-low er stratosphere climate w ith radio occultation data from the CHAM P satellite[J].Climate Dynamics,31(1):49-65.DOI:10.1007/s00382-007-0337-7.
Forster P M D F,Shine K P,1999.Stratospheric w ater vapour changes as a possible contributor to observed stratospheric cooling[J].Geophysical Research Letters,26(21):3309-3312.DOI:10.1029/1999GL010487.
Fu R,Hu Y L,Wright J S,et al,2006.Short circuit of w ater vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America,103(15):5664-5669.DOI:10.1073/pnas.0601584103.
Hajj G A,Ao C O,Iijima B A,et al,2002.CHAM P and SAC-C atmospheric occultation results and intercomparisons[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,109(D6):6109-6154.DOI:10.1029/2003JD003909.
Ho S P,2009.Estimating the uncertainty of using GPS radio occultation data for climate monitoring:Inter-comparison of CHAM P refractivity climate records 2002-2006 from different data centers[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,114(D23):1470-1478.DOI:10.1029/2009JD011969.
Kursinski E R,Hajj G A,Bertiger W I,et al,1996.Initial results of radio occultation observations of Earth's atmosphere using the global positioning system[J].Science,271(5252):1107-1110.DOI:10.1126/science.271.5252.1107.
Kursinski E R,Hajj G A,Schofield J T,et al,1997.Observing Earth’s atmosphere w ith radio occultation measurements using the Global Positioning System[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,102(D19):23429-23465.DOI:10.1126/science.271.5252.1107.
Rocken C,Anthes R,Exner M,et al,1997.Analysis and validation of GPS/M ET data in the neutral atmosphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1022(D25):29849-29866.DOI:10.1029/97JD02400.
Rusticucci M M,Kousky E,2002.A comparative study of maximum and minimum temperatures over Argentina:NCEP-NCAR reanalysis versus station data[J].Journal of Climate,15(15):2089-2101.DOI:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2089:acsoma>2.0.co;2.
Santer B D,Sausen R,Wigley T M L,et al,2003.Behavior of tropopause height and atmospheric temperature in models,reanalyses,and observations:Decadal changes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,108(D1):4002.DOI:10.1029/2002jd002258.
Smith S R,Legler D M,Verzone K V,2001.Quantifying uncertainties in NCEP reanalyses using high-quality research vessel observations[J].Journal of Climate,14(20):4062-4072.DOI:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)0142.0.CO;2.
Sokolovskiy S,2003.Effect of superrefraction on inversions of radio occultation signals in the low er troposphere[J].Radio Science,38(3):1058.DOI:10.1029/2002rs002728.
Son S,Tandon N F,Polvani L M,2011.The fine‐scale structure of the global tropopause derived from COSM IC GPS radio occultation measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,116(D2):D20113.DOI:10.1029/2011JD016030.
Steiner A K,Kirchengast G,Ladreiter H P,1998.Inversion,error analysis,and validation of GPS/M ET occultation data[J].Annales Geophysicae,17(1):122-138.DOI:10.1007/s00585-999-0122-5.
Steiner A K,Lackner B C,Ladstdter F,2011.GPS radio occultation for climate monitoring and change detection[J].Radio Science,46(6):RS0D24.DOI:10.1029/2010RS004614.
Tian H,Tian W,Luo J,et al,2017.Climatology of cross-tropopause mass exchange over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings[J].International Journal of Climatology,37(11):3999-4014.DOI:10.1002/joc.4970.
Wang A,Zeng X,2012.Evaluation of multireanalysis products w ith in situ observations over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,117(D5):D05102.DOI:10.1029/2011JD016553.
Ware R,Rocken C,Solheim F,et al,1996.GPS sounding of the atmosphere from low earth orbit:Preliminary Results[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,77(1):19-40.DOI:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0019:GSOTAF>2.0.CO;2.
Wickert J,Reigber C,Beyerle G,et al,2001.Atmosphere sounding by GPS radio occultation:First results from CHAM P[J].Geophysical Research Letters,28(17):3263-3266.DOI:10.1029/2001GL013117.
Wickert J,Schmidt T,Beyerle G,et al,2004.The radio occultation experiment aboard CHAM P:Operational data analysis and validation of vertical atmospheric profiles[J].Journal of the M eteorological Society of Japan,82(1B):381-395.DOI:10.2151/jmsj.2004.381.
World M eteorological Organization,1957.M eteorology-A three dimensional science,WM O Bull[S].6:134-138,Geneva,Sw itzerland.
Xu X,Lu C,Shi X,et al,2008.World w ater tow er:An atmospheric perspective[J].Geophysical Research Letters,35(20):525-530.DOI:10.1029/2008GL035867.
Yang K,Wu H,Qin J,et al,2014.Recent climate changes over the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on energy and w ater cycle:A review[J].Global&Planetary Change,112(1):79-91.DOI:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.001.
Yang S,Zou X,2012.Assessments of cloud liquid w ater contributions to GPS radio occultation refractivity using measurements from COSM IC and CloudSat[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,117(D6):D06219.DOI:10.1029/2011JD016452.
Yang S,Zou X,2013.Temperature profiles and lapse rate climatology in altostratus and nimbostratus clouds derived from GPS RO Data[J].Journal of Climate,26(16):6000-6014.DOI:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00646.1.
Yang S,Zou X,2017a.Dependence of positive refractivity bias of GPSRO cloudy profiles on cloud fraction along GPS RO limb tracks[J].Gps Solutions,21(2):499-509.DOI:10.1007/s10291-016-0541-1.
Yang S,Zou X,2017b.Lapse rate characteristics in ice clouds inferred from GPS RO and CloudSat observations[J].Atmospheric Research,197(1):105-112.DOI:10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.024.
You Q,Fraedrich K,Ren G,et al,2013.Variability of temperature in the Tibetan Plateau based on homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data[J].International Journal of Climatology,33(6):1337-1347.DOI:10.1002/joc.3512.
Zhan R F,Li J P,2007.Influence of atmospheric heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and the Tropical Western North Pacific on the Inter-Decadal Variations of the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange(STE)of Water Vapor[J].Science in China Series D-earth Sciences,51(8):1179-1193.DOI:10.1007/s11430-008-0082-8.
Zhao T B,Fu C B,2006.Comparison of products from ERA-40,NCEP-2,and CRU w ith station data for summer precipitation over China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,23(4):593-604.DOI:10.1007/s00376-006-0593-1.
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