叠前逆时偏移实用化方法研究
|
摘要
基于双程波动方程的叠前逆时偏移技术是解决复杂构造成像难题的强有力手段.本文首先对该技术的基本原理和实现方法进行简要介绍,该技术主要包括震源波场与检波波场构建、对构建的源、检波场应用互相关成像条件以及成像过程中或成像后低波数噪声压制三个主要环节.在此基础上对其实用化过程中涉及的高性能计算策略、低存储方案和高效低波数噪声压制方法等关键环节所需考虑的因素进行分析并给出相应的解决方案,从而给出了一套存储消耗较低且计算效率较高的逆时偏移实现流程.然后以Sigsbee2A模型和深水盐丘数据为例,与工业上标准的克希霍夫叠前深度偏移方法成像结果进行对比从而验证方法的正确性及对复杂构造的成像优势.最后结合理论分析与实际测试结果对该技术的特点和发展方向进行探讨与总结.
Reverse Time Migration(RTM), based on the two-way wave equation, is considered as a powerful tool to solve the imaging difficulty of complex subsurface structures. In this paper, we first give a brief introduction and analysis of the basic principles and workflows of RTM. For this method, it mainly consists of three steps: reconstruction of the source and receiver wavefields, crosscorrelation of the time consistent source and receiver wavefields and suppression of the low wavenumber noise. At the same time, some key aspects of industrial-scale development and application, such as high-performance computational framework, efficient wavefield reconstruction strategies and low wavenumber noise suppression methods, are also discussed in detail. So a relatively low storage cost and high computational efficiency workflow of RTM is proposed. Then the Sigsbee2 A model and a field data example which both contain a salt body are used to examine its validity and imaging capability of complex subsurface structures compared with the results of standard Kirchhoff prestack depth migration. Finally, based on the above theoretical analysis and practical examples, a discussion about its characteristics and further development is provided.
Reverse Time Migration(RTM), based on the two-way wave equation, is considered as a powerful tool to solve the imaging difficulty of complex subsurface structures. In this paper, we first give a brief introduction and analysis of the basic principles and workflows of RTM. For this method, it mainly consists of three steps: reconstruction of the source and receiver wavefields, crosscorrelation of the time consistent source and receiver wavefields and suppression of the low wavenumber noise. At the same time, some key aspects of industrial-scale development and application, such as high-performance computational framework, efficient wavefield reconstruction strategies and low wavenumber noise suppression methods, are also discussed in detail. So a relatively low storage cost and high computational efficiency workflow of RTM is proposed. Then the Sigsbee2 A model and a field data example which both contain a salt body are used to examine its validity and imaging capability of complex subsurface structures compared with the results of standard Kirchhoff prestack depth migration. Finally, based on the above theoretical analysis and practical examples, a discussion about its characteristics and further development is provided.
引文
Anderson J E,Tan L,Wang D. 2012. Time-reversal checkpointing methods for RTM and FWI [J]. Geophysics,77(4): S93-S103.
Baysal E,Kosloff D D,Sherwood J W C. 1983. Reverse time migration [J]. Geophysics,48(11): 1514-1524.
Chang W F,McMechan G A. 1986. Reverse-time migration of offset vertical seismic profiling data using the excitation-time imaging condition [J]. Geophysics,51(1): 67-84.
Claerbout J F. 1971. Toward a unified theory of reflector mapping [J]. Geophysics,36(3): 467- 481.
Clapp R G. 2009. Reverse time migration with random boundaries [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,28: 2809-2813.
Clapp R G,Fu H,Lindtjorn O. 2010. Selecting the right hardware for reverse time migration [J]. The Leading Edge,29(1): 48-58.
Cogan M,Fletcher R,King R,et al. 2011. Normalization strategies for reverse-time migration [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,3275-3279.
Duan Y,Sava P. 2015. Scalar imaging condition for elastic reverse time migration [J]. Geophysics,80(4): S127-S136.
Du Qizhen,Zhu Yitong,Zhang Mingqiang,et al. 2013. A study on the strategy of low wavenumber noise suppression for prestack reverse-time depth migration [J]. Chinese Journal Geophysics (in Chinese),56(7): 2391-2401,doi: 10.6038/cjg20130725.杜启振,朱钇同,张明强,等. 2013. 叠前逆时深度偏移低频噪声压制策略研究[J]. 地球物理学报,56(7): 2391-2401,doi: 10.6038/cjg20130725.
Du Q Z,Gong X F,Zhang M Q,et al. 2014a. 3D PS-wave imaging with elastic reverse-time migration [J]. Geophysics,79(5): S173-S184.
Dussaud E,Symes W W,Williamson P,et al. 2008. Computational strategies for reverse-time migration [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2267-2271.
Du X,Fowler P J,Fletcher R P. 2014b. Recursive integral time-extrapolation methods for waves: A comparative review [J]. Geophysics,79(1): T9-T26.
Feng B,Wang H Z. 2012. Reverse time migration with source wavefield reconstruction strategy [J]. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,9(1): 69-74.
Foltinek D,Eaton D,Mahovsky J,et al. 2009. Industrial-scale reverse time migration on gpu hardware [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2789-2793.
Guitton A,Kaelin B,Biondi B. 2006. Least-squares attenuation of reverse-time-migration artifacts [J]. Geophysics,72(1): S19-S23.
Guo Zhenbo,Li Zhenchun. 2014. True-amplitude imaging based on least-squares reverse time migration [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospection (in Chinese),49(1): 113-120.郭振波,李振春. 2014. 最小平方逆时偏移真振幅成像[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,49(1): 113-120.
Hu Hao,Liu Yi Ke,Chang Xu,et al. 2013. Analysis and application of boundary treatment for the computation of reverse-time migration [J]. Chinese Journal Geophysics (in Chinese),56(6): 2033-2042,doi: 10.6038/cjg20130624.胡昊,刘伊克,常旭,等. 2013. 逆时偏移计算中的边界处理分析及应用[J]. 地球物理学报,56(6): 2033-2042,doi: 10.6038/cjg20130624.
Kadlec B J,Dorn G A. 2010. Leveraging graphics processing units (GPUs) for real-time seismic interpretation [J]. The Leading Edge,29(1): 60- 66.
Kang Wei,Cheng Jiubing. 2012. Methods of suppressing artifacts in prestack reverse time migration [J]. Progress in Geophys. (in Chinese),27(3): 1163-1172,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.03.041.康玮,程玖兵. 2012. 叠前逆时偏移假象去除方法[J]. 地球物理学进展,27(3): 1163-1172,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.03.041.
Li Zhenchun,Zhou Liying,Huang Jianping,et al. 2017. Application of least square reverse time migration in the imaging of fractured-type carbonate reservoirs [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),32(2): 0664- 0671,doi:10.6038/pg20170229.李振春,周丽颖,黄建平,等. 2017. 最小二乘逆时偏移在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层成像中的应用[J]. 地球物理学进展,32(2): 0664- 0671,doi: 10.6038/pg20170229.
Liu F,Zhang G,Morton S,A et al. 2011. An effective imaging condition for reverse-time migration using wavefield decomposition [J]. Geophysics,76(1): S29-S39.
Liu H,Ding R,Liu L,et al. 2013. Wavefield reconstruction methods for reverse time migration [J]. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,10(1): 015004.
Liu Hong-Wei,Li Bo,Liu Hong,et al. 2010. The algorithm of high order finite difference pre-stack reverse time migration and GPU implementation [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),53(7): 1725-1733,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.07.024.刘红伟,李博,刘洪,等. 2010. 地震叠前逆时偏移高阶有限差分算法及GPU实现[J]. 地球物理学报,53(7): 1725-1733,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.07.024.
Liu Yang. 2014. Research progress on time-space domain finite-difference numerical solution and absorption boundary conditions of wave equation [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),49(1): 35- 46.刘洋. 2014. 波动方程时空域有限差分数值解及吸收边界条件研究进展[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,49(1): 35- 46.
McMechan G A. 1983. Migration by extrapolation of time-dependent boundary values [J]. Geophysical Prospecting,31(3): 413- 420.
Micikevicius P. 2009. 3D finite difference computation on GPUs using CUDA [J]. Proceedings of 2nd Workshop on General Purpose Processing on Graphics Processing Units. ACM,79-84.
Nemeth T,Stefani J,Liu W,et al. 2008. An implementation of the acoustic wave equation on FPGAs [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,27: 2874-2878.
Paffenholz J,Stefani J,McLain B,et al. 2002. SIGSBEE_2A Synthetic Subsalt Dataset-Image Quality as Function of Migration Algorithm and Velocity Model Error. 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition.
Sa Liming,Yang Wuyang,Du Qizheng,et al. 2015. Past,present and future of seismic migration imaging [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospection (in Chinese),50(5): 1016-1036.萨利明,杨午阳,杜启振,等. 2015. 地震偏移成像技术回顾与展望[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,50(5): 1016-1036.
Suh S Y,Yeh A,Wang B,et al. 2010. Cluster programming for reverse time migration [J]. The Leading Edge,29(1): 94-97.
Symes W W. 2007. Reverse time migration with optimal checkpointing [J]. Geophysics,72(5): SM213-SM221.
Whitmore N D. 1983. Iterative depth migration by backward time propagation [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,382-385.
Xu S. Zhang Y,Tang B. 2011. 3D angle gathers from reverse time migration [J]. Geophysics,76(2): S77-S92.
Yang Wuyang,Zhang Houzhu,Sa Liming,et al. 2016. Some issues about reverse time migration [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),51(6): 1251-1262.杨午阳,张厚柱,撒利明,等. 2016. 逆时偏移关键问题探讨[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,51(6): 1251-1262.
Yoon K,Marfurt K J. 2006. Reverse-time migration using the Poynting vector [J]. Exploration Geophysics,37(1): 102-107.
Zhang Y,Ratcliffe A,Roberts G,et al. 2014. Amplitude-preserving reverse time migration: From reflectivity to velocity and impedance inversion [J]. Geophysics,79(6): S271-S283.
Zhang Y,Sun J. 2009. Practical issues of reverse time migration: True amplitude gathers,noise removal and harmonic-source encoding [J]. First Break,24-27: 204.
Zhang Y,Zhang H Z,Zhang G Q. 2011. A stable TTI reverse time migration and its implementation [J]. Geophysics,76(3): WA3-WA11.
Zhang Y,Zhang P,Zhang H Z. 2010. Compensating for visco-acoustic effects in reverse-time migration [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,3160-3164.
Baysal E,Kosloff D D,Sherwood J W C. 1983. Reverse time migration [J]. Geophysics,48(11): 1514-1524.
Chang W F,McMechan G A. 1986. Reverse-time migration of offset vertical seismic profiling data using the excitation-time imaging condition [J]. Geophysics,51(1): 67-84.
Claerbout J F. 1971. Toward a unified theory of reflector mapping [J]. Geophysics,36(3): 467- 481.
Clapp R G. 2009. Reverse time migration with random boundaries [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,28: 2809-2813.
Clapp R G,Fu H,Lindtjorn O. 2010. Selecting the right hardware for reverse time migration [J]. The Leading Edge,29(1): 48-58.
Cogan M,Fletcher R,King R,et al. 2011. Normalization strategies for reverse-time migration [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,3275-3279.
Duan Y,Sava P. 2015. Scalar imaging condition for elastic reverse time migration [J]. Geophysics,80(4): S127-S136.
Du Qizhen,Zhu Yitong,Zhang Mingqiang,et al. 2013. A study on the strategy of low wavenumber noise suppression for prestack reverse-time depth migration [J]. Chinese Journal Geophysics (in Chinese),56(7): 2391-2401,doi: 10.6038/cjg20130725.杜启振,朱钇同,张明强,等. 2013. 叠前逆时深度偏移低频噪声压制策略研究[J]. 地球物理学报,56(7): 2391-2401,doi: 10.6038/cjg20130725.
Du Q Z,Gong X F,Zhang M Q,et al. 2014a. 3D PS-wave imaging with elastic reverse-time migration [J]. Geophysics,79(5): S173-S184.
Dussaud E,Symes W W,Williamson P,et al. 2008. Computational strategies for reverse-time migration [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2267-2271.
Du X,Fowler P J,Fletcher R P. 2014b. Recursive integral time-extrapolation methods for waves: A comparative review [J]. Geophysics,79(1): T9-T26.
Feng B,Wang H Z. 2012. Reverse time migration with source wavefield reconstruction strategy [J]. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,9(1): 69-74.
Foltinek D,Eaton D,Mahovsky J,et al. 2009. Industrial-scale reverse time migration on gpu hardware [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2789-2793.
Guitton A,Kaelin B,Biondi B. 2006. Least-squares attenuation of reverse-time-migration artifacts [J]. Geophysics,72(1): S19-S23.
Guo Zhenbo,Li Zhenchun. 2014. True-amplitude imaging based on least-squares reverse time migration [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospection (in Chinese),49(1): 113-120.郭振波,李振春. 2014. 最小平方逆时偏移真振幅成像[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,49(1): 113-120.
Hu Hao,Liu Yi Ke,Chang Xu,et al. 2013. Analysis and application of boundary treatment for the computation of reverse-time migration [J]. Chinese Journal Geophysics (in Chinese),56(6): 2033-2042,doi: 10.6038/cjg20130624.胡昊,刘伊克,常旭,等. 2013. 逆时偏移计算中的边界处理分析及应用[J]. 地球物理学报,56(6): 2033-2042,doi: 10.6038/cjg20130624.
Kadlec B J,Dorn G A. 2010. Leveraging graphics processing units (GPUs) for real-time seismic interpretation [J]. The Leading Edge,29(1): 60- 66.
Kang Wei,Cheng Jiubing. 2012. Methods of suppressing artifacts in prestack reverse time migration [J]. Progress in Geophys. (in Chinese),27(3): 1163-1172,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.03.041.康玮,程玖兵. 2012. 叠前逆时偏移假象去除方法[J]. 地球物理学进展,27(3): 1163-1172,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.03.041.
Li Zhenchun,Zhou Liying,Huang Jianping,et al. 2017. Application of least square reverse time migration in the imaging of fractured-type carbonate reservoirs [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),32(2): 0664- 0671,doi:10.6038/pg20170229.李振春,周丽颖,黄建平,等. 2017. 最小二乘逆时偏移在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层成像中的应用[J]. 地球物理学进展,32(2): 0664- 0671,doi: 10.6038/pg20170229.
Liu F,Zhang G,Morton S,A et al. 2011. An effective imaging condition for reverse-time migration using wavefield decomposition [J]. Geophysics,76(1): S29-S39.
Liu H,Ding R,Liu L,et al. 2013. Wavefield reconstruction methods for reverse time migration [J]. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,10(1): 015004.
Liu Hong-Wei,Li Bo,Liu Hong,et al. 2010. The algorithm of high order finite difference pre-stack reverse time migration and GPU implementation [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),53(7): 1725-1733,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.07.024.刘红伟,李博,刘洪,等. 2010. 地震叠前逆时偏移高阶有限差分算法及GPU实现[J]. 地球物理学报,53(7): 1725-1733,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.07.024.
Liu Yang. 2014. Research progress on time-space domain finite-difference numerical solution and absorption boundary conditions of wave equation [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),49(1): 35- 46.刘洋. 2014. 波动方程时空域有限差分数值解及吸收边界条件研究进展[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,49(1): 35- 46.
McMechan G A. 1983. Migration by extrapolation of time-dependent boundary values [J]. Geophysical Prospecting,31(3): 413- 420.
Micikevicius P. 2009. 3D finite difference computation on GPUs using CUDA [J]. Proceedings of 2nd Workshop on General Purpose Processing on Graphics Processing Units. ACM,79-84.
Nemeth T,Stefani J,Liu W,et al. 2008. An implementation of the acoustic wave equation on FPGAs [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,27: 2874-2878.
Paffenholz J,Stefani J,McLain B,et al. 2002. SIGSBEE_2A Synthetic Subsalt Dataset-Image Quality as Function of Migration Algorithm and Velocity Model Error. 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition.
Sa Liming,Yang Wuyang,Du Qizheng,et al. 2015. Past,present and future of seismic migration imaging [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospection (in Chinese),50(5): 1016-1036.萨利明,杨午阳,杜启振,等. 2015. 地震偏移成像技术回顾与展望[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,50(5): 1016-1036.
Suh S Y,Yeh A,Wang B,et al. 2010. Cluster programming for reverse time migration [J]. The Leading Edge,29(1): 94-97.
Symes W W. 2007. Reverse time migration with optimal checkpointing [J]. Geophysics,72(5): SM213-SM221.
Whitmore N D. 1983. Iterative depth migration by backward time propagation [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,382-385.
Xu S. Zhang Y,Tang B. 2011. 3D angle gathers from reverse time migration [J]. Geophysics,76(2): S77-S92.
Yang Wuyang,Zhang Houzhu,Sa Liming,et al. 2016. Some issues about reverse time migration [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),51(6): 1251-1262.杨午阳,张厚柱,撒利明,等. 2016. 逆时偏移关键问题探讨[J]. 石油地球物理勘探,51(6): 1251-1262.
Yoon K,Marfurt K J. 2006. Reverse-time migration using the Poynting vector [J]. Exploration Geophysics,37(1): 102-107.
Zhang Y,Ratcliffe A,Roberts G,et al. 2014. Amplitude-preserving reverse time migration: From reflectivity to velocity and impedance inversion [J]. Geophysics,79(6): S271-S283.
Zhang Y,Sun J. 2009. Practical issues of reverse time migration: True amplitude gathers,noise removal and harmonic-source encoding [J]. First Break,24-27: 204.
Zhang Y,Zhang H Z,Zhang G Q. 2011. A stable TTI reverse time migration and its implementation [J]. Geophysics,76(3): WA3-WA11.
Zhang Y,Zhang P,Zhang H Z. 2010. Compensating for visco-acoustic effects in reverse-time migration [J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,3160-3164.