天津市大气重污染天气下细颗粒物中重金属污染特征及健康风险评估
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摘要
目的了解2016年天津市重污染(空气质量指数,air quality index,AQI>200)天气情况下,细颗粒物中重金属的污染水平和对健康的影响。方法对天津市和平区和北辰区冬季采暖期的大气进行采样,共采集159份样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对9种金属元素进行测定。用美国环境保护署的健康风险评价模型对人群终生超额危险度及终生患癌超额危险度的健康风险进行评估。结果AQI>200的天气细颗粒物的平均质量浓度最大值出现在12月份为0.588 mg/m~3,超过国家标准二级浓度限值的7.8倍,市区和市郊砷对成人的致癌超额危险度最大值分别为:8.62×10~(-6)和9.10×10~(-6)。市区和市郊对儿童的致癌超额危险度的范围为3.40×10~(-8)~4.09×10~(-6),对成人的非致癌危险度为9.17×10~(-4)~6.56×10~(-2),对儿童的非致癌危险度为1.49×10~(-4)~8.85×10~(-2),均小于1。结论AQI>200的天气细颗粒物中砷带来的健康风险最高,相关部门在制订风险管理政策时应引起重视。
Objective To explore the pollution levels and health effects of heavy metals in fine particulate matter under the weather conditions(air quality index,AQI>200)of Tianjin in 2016.Methods Regular sampling of the atmosphere of the winter heating season was conducted in Heping District and Beichen District of Tianjin.A total of 159 samples were collected.Sb,As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,Mn,Ni and Se were identified using a 7 500cx inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.Health risk of respiratory exposure to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal was assessed through the United States Environmental Protection Agency health risk assessment model.ResultsThe amount of 41 samples was obtained in 21 days of AQI>200,and 118 samples in 59 days of AQI<200.The average value of the average mass concentration of 0.588 mg/m~3in December,which was 7.8 times of the national secondary standard concentration limited.The sequence of the concentrations of the nine heavy metals in the two weather lined from high to low was the constant ones:Pb,Mn,As,Sb,Se,Cd,Cr,Ni,Hg.When the AQI>200,the excess carcinogenic risk of As for adults were 8.62×10~(-6)and 9.10×10~(-6)in urban and suburban respectively.The range of carcinogenic excess risk for children in urban areas and suburbs was from 3.40×10~(-8)to 4.09×10~(-6),The non-carcinogenic risk to adults ranged from 9.17×10~(-4)to 6.56×10~(-2),and the non-carcinogenic risk to children ranged from 1.49×10~(-4)to 8.85×10~(-2),both less than 1.ConclusionAs has the highest health risk when AQI>200.Relevant departments in the development of risk management policies should pay greater attention.
Objective To explore the pollution levels and health effects of heavy metals in fine particulate matter under the weather conditions(air quality index,AQI>200)of Tianjin in 2016.Methods Regular sampling of the atmosphere of the winter heating season was conducted in Heping District and Beichen District of Tianjin.A total of 159 samples were collected.Sb,As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,Mn,Ni and Se were identified using a 7 500cx inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.Health risk of respiratory exposure to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal was assessed through the United States Environmental Protection Agency health risk assessment model.ResultsThe amount of 41 samples was obtained in 21 days of AQI>200,and 118 samples in 59 days of AQI<200.The average value of the average mass concentration of 0.588 mg/m~3in December,which was 7.8 times of the national secondary standard concentration limited.The sequence of the concentrations of the nine heavy metals in the two weather lined from high to low was the constant ones:Pb,Mn,As,Sb,Se,Cd,Cr,Ni,Hg.When the AQI>200,the excess carcinogenic risk of As for adults were 8.62×10~(-6)and 9.10×10~(-6)in urban and suburban respectively.The range of carcinogenic excess risk for children in urban areas and suburbs was from 3.40×10~(-8)to 4.09×10~(-6),The non-carcinogenic risk to adults ranged from 9.17×10~(-4)to 6.56×10~(-2),and the non-carcinogenic risk to children ranged from 1.49×10~(-4)to 8.85×10~(-2),both less than 1.ConclusionAs has the highest health risk when AQI>200.Relevant departments in the development of risk management policies should pay greater attention.
引文
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[2] Palmer KT,Mc Neill LR,Poole JR,et al. Inflammatory responses to the occupational inhalation of metal fume[J]. Eur Respir J,2006,27:366-373.
[3] Molini MP,Lori H,Robin G,et al. Ambient metals,elemental carbon,and wheeze and cough in New York city children through24months of age[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2009,180:1107-1113.
[4] Zeng Q,Ni Y,Jiang G,et al. The short term burden of ambient particulate matters on non-accidental mortality and years of life lost:a ten-year multi-district study in Tianjin,China[J]. Environ Pollut,2017,220(Pt A):713-719.
[5]于云江,张颖,车飞,等.环境污染的健康风险评价及其应用[J].环境与职业医学,2011,28(5):309-313.
[6] USEPA. USEPA’s National center for environmental assessment[EB/OL].(2017-01-19)[2018-03-15]. http://www. epa. gov/ncea/.
[7] US EPA. Integrated risk information system[EB/OL].(2017-01-19)[2018-03-15]. http://www. epa. gov/iris/.
[8]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[9]李敏,高燕红,郭凌川,等.广州大气PM2. 5中重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2016,33(5):421-424.
[10]杜金花,张宜生,何凌燕,等.深圳某地区大气PM2. 5中重金属的污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(9):838-840.
[11] USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I:human health evaluation manual(Part F. supplemental guidance for inhalation risk assessment)[R]. Washington DC:USEPA. OSRTI EPA,2009.
[12]段小丽.暴露参数的研究方法及其在环境健康风险评价中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:100-130.
[13]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[14]王宗爽,段小丽,刘平,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1164-1170.
[15] US EPA. Superfund public health evaluation manual[R]. Washington DC,2000.
[16]中华人民共和国环保部. GB 3095-2012环境空气质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
[17]喻义勇,陆晓波,朱志峰,等.南京2013年12月初持续重污染天气特征及成因分析[J].环境监测管理与技术,2015,27(2):11-16.
[18] Hao YC,Guo ZG,Yang ZS,et al. Seasonal variations and sources ofvarious elements in the atmospheric aerosols in Qingdao,China[J]. Atmos Res,2007,85:27-37.
[19] Zhang WJ,Sun YL,Zhuang GS,et al. Characteristics and seasonalvariations of PM2. 5,PM10,and TSP aerosol in Beijing[J].Bio EnvironSci,2006,19:461-468.
[20]刘彦飞,于倩,许丹,等.哈尔滨大气PM2. 5中人为源元素化学组成特征及来源[J].黑龙江科技学院学报,2012,22(3):247-251.
[21]赵岩,冯利红,刘洪亮,等.天津市冬季大气PM2. 5中金属元素污染特征及健康风险评估[J].中华疾病控制杂志,2016,20(3):294-298.
[22]杨保华,陈剑虹,李倦生,等.长沙市大河西先导区大气PM2. 5中砷等重金属的污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2014,31(11):1012-1014.
[23]杨宇,胡建英,陶澍.天津地区致癌风险的预期寿命损失[J].环境科学,2005,26(1):69-73.