社会网络与众创空间的创新创业——基于创业咖啡馆的案例研究
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摘要
作为新型孵化器,众创空间创业模式和发展路径受到社会网络的显著影响,并与一般孵化器的形成机理和运作模式存在较大差异。本文从众创空间的行动导向出发,将社会网络解析为资本网络、市场网络、技术网络、专业服务网络、媒体网络和制度网络等六个方面,在此基础上研究影响众创空间创新创业模式差异化的关键社会网络因素。研究发现,行动导向下的多元网络协同治理决定了众创空间的创业模式,不同类型的社会网络对众创空间创新创业模式有着差异化的影响。其中,资本网络、市场网络、技术网络和专业服务网络对创业模式选择起决定性作用,创业初期媒体网络对创业模式表现出较强的正向影响,制度网络极大促进了众创空间的发展,但对众创空间的创业模式没有直接显著影响。
As new type of incubators,the Maker Space performs not only as the emerging entrepreneurial service institution and community,but also as the emerging economic pattern and business model. The entrepreneurial model and developing trajectory of Maker Space are greatly influenced by the social network,which is greatly different with the mechanism and operating model of the normal incubators. This paper attempts to conduct exploratory research on the choice of innovation and entrepreneurship mode of Maker Space under the influence of different types of social networks.There are three standards we introduced to identify the proper cases. First,the cases should belong to the Maker Space,which should have high industrial identity and social influence. Secondly,the cases should have complete social network,with relatively mature capital network,market network,technology network,professional service network,media network and institutional network. Thirdly,the cases should meets the standards of GEM on new ventures,which lasted for more than 42 months with profitable business model and stable development. To do comparing research,we select two cases,one is 3 W Coffee,the other is Garage Coffee.We conducted a three-year participatory observation and diversified survey of the two cases,by means of participating in the founder's keynote speech,conducting in-depth interviews with case founders and managers,collecting relevant media news interviews,and occasionally participating in case studies. We also use information of relevant activities,information on We Chat public,and other methods to organize the data.To do the research,we formed a basic database of about 200,000 words,and we use the mutual verification of different data to ensure the authenticity and consistency of the data. The main content of interviews and research are: (1) the composition and experience of the entrepreneurial team; (2) the source of the founding capital and early funds; (3) professional technology,professional services and sources; (4) the establishment of entrepreneurs gathering places; (5) organizational structure design and organization operation; and (6) coordination and interaction with the government.The paper categorized the social network into six aspects,including the capital network,the market network,the technical network,the professional service network,the media network,and the system network. Based on the social network,this paper analyzed the critical factors that influenced the business model and found out four results. First of all,the collaborative governance of multi-dimensional network under strategic action-orientation shaped the business model of maker space; and different kinds of social network have different influence on the business model of maker space. Secondly,the capital network,market network,technology network and professional service network play a decisive role in the choice of entrepreneurial mode. Thirdly,the media network showed a strong positive impact on the entrepreneurial mode at the beginning of the enterprising stage. Last but not least,the institutional network has greatly promoted the development of the maker space,but has no direct and significant impact on the entrepreneurial mode. The current academic research on entrepreneurial model focuses on the ordinary enterprises.There is seldom research on new incubators like Maker Space. This paper is to some extent a complement and supplement to the current theoretical research of entrepreneurship.The results of this paper provide four clues. First of all,we need to build up an innovation friendly environment. The results show that,the institutional network has greatly promoted the development of the space of mass creation. Therefore,we should simplify the administration under the action orientation and characteristics of the Maker Space,improve the policy system including the innovation and entrepreneurship tax incentives,rent concessions,entrepreneurial investment and financing. We should improve the mechanism of equity incentives and profit distribution,effectively increase the policies implementation,truly reduce the cost of innovation and entrepreneurship,and protect the legitimate rights and interests of innovative entrepreneurs. Secondly,we should establish a culture that encourages innovation and encourages entrepreneurship; encourages social forces to carry out various public welfare activities around mass entrepreneurship and innovation; advocates innovation culture which dares to be first and tolerantly fail through the publicity of the official media; establishes value orientation that advocates innovation,entrepreneurship and wealth,and cultivates vigorously entrepreneurship and maker culture. Thirdly,the system of innovation and entrepreneurship is established and improved to support the construction of public service platforms and service organizations for SMEs by means of government purchase services and post-subsidies,encourage various social organizations to provide Intermediary services for start-ups,such as entrepreneurial counseling,intellectual property,legal,inspection and testing,consulting,investment and financing services,and encourage enterprises to establish professional service platforms with wide coverage,high quality and low cost through PPP and other methods. Last but not least,the innovative development of Maker Space is supported to promote the advanced experience of various new incubators,and guide the differentiation development and characteristic development of Maker Spaces by means of incentives,tax exemptions,rent concessions,investment and financing subsidies,etc.
As new type of incubators,the Maker Space performs not only as the emerging entrepreneurial service institution and community,but also as the emerging economic pattern and business model. The entrepreneurial model and developing trajectory of Maker Space are greatly influenced by the social network,which is greatly different with the mechanism and operating model of the normal incubators. This paper attempts to conduct exploratory research on the choice of innovation and entrepreneurship mode of Maker Space under the influence of different types of social networks.There are three standards we introduced to identify the proper cases. First,the cases should belong to the Maker Space,which should have high industrial identity and social influence. Secondly,the cases should have complete social network,with relatively mature capital network,market network,technology network,professional service network,media network and institutional network. Thirdly,the cases should meets the standards of GEM on new ventures,which lasted for more than 42 months with profitable business model and stable development. To do comparing research,we select two cases,one is 3 W Coffee,the other is Garage Coffee.We conducted a three-year participatory observation and diversified survey of the two cases,by means of participating in the founder's keynote speech,conducting in-depth interviews with case founders and managers,collecting relevant media news interviews,and occasionally participating in case studies. We also use information of relevant activities,information on We Chat public,and other methods to organize the data.To do the research,we formed a basic database of about 200,000 words,and we use the mutual verification of different data to ensure the authenticity and consistency of the data. The main content of interviews and research are: (1) the composition and experience of the entrepreneurial team; (2) the source of the founding capital and early funds; (3) professional technology,professional services and sources; (4) the establishment of entrepreneurs gathering places; (5) organizational structure design and organization operation; and (6) coordination and interaction with the government.The paper categorized the social network into six aspects,including the capital network,the market network,the technical network,the professional service network,the media network,and the system network. Based on the social network,this paper analyzed the critical factors that influenced the business model and found out four results. First of all,the collaborative governance of multi-dimensional network under strategic action-orientation shaped the business model of maker space; and different kinds of social network have different influence on the business model of maker space. Secondly,the capital network,market network,technology network and professional service network play a decisive role in the choice of entrepreneurial mode. Thirdly,the media network showed a strong positive impact on the entrepreneurial mode at the beginning of the enterprising stage. Last but not least,the institutional network has greatly promoted the development of the maker space,but has no direct and significant impact on the entrepreneurial mode. The current academic research on entrepreneurial model focuses on the ordinary enterprises.There is seldom research on new incubators like Maker Space. This paper is to some extent a complement and supplement to the current theoretical research of entrepreneurship.The results of this paper provide four clues. First of all,we need to build up an innovation friendly environment. The results show that,the institutional network has greatly promoted the development of the space of mass creation. Therefore,we should simplify the administration under the action orientation and characteristics of the Maker Space,improve the policy system including the innovation and entrepreneurship tax incentives,rent concessions,entrepreneurial investment and financing. We should improve the mechanism of equity incentives and profit distribution,effectively increase the policies implementation,truly reduce the cost of innovation and entrepreneurship,and protect the legitimate rights and interests of innovative entrepreneurs. Secondly,we should establish a culture that encourages innovation and encourages entrepreneurship; encourages social forces to carry out various public welfare activities around mass entrepreneurship and innovation; advocates innovation culture which dares to be first and tolerantly fail through the publicity of the official media; establishes value orientation that advocates innovation,entrepreneurship and wealth,and cultivates vigorously entrepreneurship and maker culture. Thirdly,the system of innovation and entrepreneurship is established and improved to support the construction of public service platforms and service organizations for SMEs by means of government purchase services and post-subsidies,encourage various social organizations to provide Intermediary services for start-ups,such as entrepreneurial counseling,intellectual property,legal,inspection and testing,consulting,investment and financing services,and encourage enterprises to establish professional service platforms with wide coverage,high quality and low cost through PPP and other methods. Last but not least,the innovative development of Maker Space is supported to promote the advanced experience of various new incubators,and guide the differentiation development and characteristic development of Maker Spaces by means of incentives,tax exemptions,rent concessions,investment and financing subsidies,etc.
引文
[1]刘刚,李强治.我国孵化器的功能演化和快速成长的机制研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014(5):147-155.Liugang,Li Qiangzhi.The evolution of incubator function in china and the mechanism research of its rapid growth[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2014(5):147-155.
[2]刘伟,黄紫微,丁志慧.商业孵化器商业模式创新描述性框架---基于技术与资本市场的创新[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014(5):110-119.Liu Wei,Huang Ziwei,Ding Zhihui.A description framework of incubator business model:Based on technology and capital market innovation[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2014(5):110-119.
[3]张力.企业孵化器研究前沿与突破方向探析[J].外国经济与管理,2010(6):17-22.Zhang Li.Analysis on the frontiers and breakthrough directions of business incubators[J].Foreign Economics&Management,2010(6):17-22.
[4]BraxS,Jonsson K.Developing integrated solution offerings for remote diagnostics:A comparative case study of two manufacturers[J].Int J Oper Prod Manag,2009,29(5):539-560.
[5]Cova,B.and Salle,R.Co-creating value with customer network actors[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2008(37):270-277.
[6]SL Newbert.Treating stakeholders fairly[J].Business&Professional Ethics Journal,2007,26(1):55-70.
[7]陈寒松,张文玺.创业模式与企业组织的创新[J].山东大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2005(4):116-121.Chen Hansong,Zhang Wenxi.Innovation of entrepreneurial model and organization[J].Journal of Shandong University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2005(4):116-121.
[8]刘美玉.创业动机,创业资源与创业模式:基于新生代农民工创业的实证研究[J].宏观经济研究,2013(5):62-70.Liu Meiyu.Entrepreneurial motivation,entrepreneurial resources and entrepreneurial model:An empirical study based on the new generation of migrant workers[J].Macroeconomics,2013(5):62-70.
[9]徐明.“互联网+”时代的大学生创业模式选择与路径优化[J].中国青年社会科学,2015(5):49-55.Xu Ming.College students'entrepreneurial model choice and path optimization in the age of"Internet+"[J].Chinese Youth Social Science,2015(5):49-55.
[10]刘帮成,王重鸣.国际创业模式与组织绩效关系:一个基于知识的概念模型[J].科研管理,2005(4):72-79.Liu Bangceng,Wang Chongming.International entrepreneurship mode and Choice:A knowledge-based conceptual model[J].
[11]董洁林.“天生全球化”创业模式探讨:基于“千人计划”海归高科技创业的多案例研究[J].中国软科学,2013(4):26-38.Dong Jielin.The"Born Global"entrepreneurship in China---Case studies of the high-tech start-ups established by the"1000 Plan"diaspora entrepreneurs[J].China Soft Science,2013(4):26-38.
[12]张玉利,白峰.基于耗散理论的众创空间演进与优化研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2017,38(1):22-29.Zhang Yuli,Bai Feng.Research on entrepreneurship ecosystem evolution and optimization based on dissipative theory[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2017,38(1):22-29.
[13]梁云志,司春林.孵化器的商业模式研究:理论框架与实证分析[J].研究与发展管理,2010(1):43-51.Liang Yunzhi,Si Chunlin.The evolution of entrepreneurship theory:An introduction from the perspective of the implementation of entrepreneur's idiosyncratic human capita[J].R&DManagement,2010(1):43-51.
[14]Chesbrough H,Ahern S,Finn M,et al.Business models for technology in the developing world:The role of non-governmental organizations[J].California management review,2006,48(3):48-61.
[15]Soetanto D P,Jack S L.Business incubators and the networks of technology-based firms[J].The Journal of Technology Transfer,2013,38(4):432-453.
[16]吴文清,吕卓燏,赵黎明.科技企业孵化器合作网络结构及测度研究---以北京市、上海市为例[J].科学管理研究,2015(2):65-68.Wu Wenqing,Lv Zhuoyu,Zhao Liming.Research on structure and measurement of business incubator cooperation network---A case study of Beijing and Shanghai Business Incubators[J].Scientific Management Research,2015(2):65-68.
[17]李具恒,张美玲.科技企业孵化器促进区域经济发展的实践[J].中国科技论坛,2009(2):58-61.Li Juheng,Zhang Meiling.Practice of technology business incubator to promote regional economic development[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2009(2):58-61.
[18]姚小涛,席酉民.社会网络理论及其在企业研究中的应用[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2003(3):22-27.Yao Xiaotao,Xi Youmin.Social network theory and its lmplication in the field of firm study[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University(Social Sciences Edition),2003(3):22-27.
[19]石秀印.中国企业家成功的社会网络基础[J].管理世界,1998(6):187-208.Shi Xiuyin.The successful social network foundation of Chinese entrepreneurs[J].Management world,1998(6):187-208.
[20]Arthurs J.D.,Busenitz L.W.Dynamic capabilities and venture performance:The effects of venture capitalists[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2006(21):195-215.
[21]杨隽萍,唐鲁滨.浙江省创业者社会网络对创业绩效影响研究---基于知识获取和转化的视角[J].情报科学,2011(12):1876-1881.Yang Yuping,Tang Lubin.Research on impact Zhejiang entrepreneurs'social networks exerted on new venture performance---Based on the view of knowledge acquisition and transformation[J].Information Science,2011(12):1876-1881.
[22]庄晋财,沙开庆,程李梅,孙华平.创业成长中双重网络嵌入的演化规律研究---以正泰集团和温氏集团为例[J].中国工业经济,2012(8):122-134.Zhuang Jincai et.al..Study on evolution rules of dual embeddedness of social networks and industrial networks during the growth of new ventures----Cases of chint group and wens group[J].China Industrial Economics,2012(8):122-134.
[23]杨震宁,李东红,范黎波.身陷“盘丝洞”:社会网络关系嵌入过度影响了创业过程吗?[J].管理世界,2013(12):101-116.Yang Zhenning,Li Donghong,Fan Libo.Being trapped in the“PanSiDong”:Does the social network relationship excessively affect the entrepreneurial process?[J].Management world,2013(12):101-116.
[24]林嵩.创业生态系统、概念发展与运行机制[J].中央财经大学学报,2011,25(4):58-62.Lin Song.The concept development and operation mechanism of entrepreneurial ecosystem[J].Journal of Central University of Finance&Economics,2011,25(4):58-62.
[25]Vogel P.The employment outlook for youth:Building entrepreneurship ecosystem as a way forward[C].St.Petersburg:Conference Proceedings of the G20 Youth Forum,2013.
[26]蔡莉,彭秀清,Nambisan S,等.创业生态系统研究回顾与展望[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2016,56(1):05-16.Cai Li et.al.Entrepreneurial ecosystem:Review and prospects[J].Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition,2016,56(1):05-16.
[2]刘伟,黄紫微,丁志慧.商业孵化器商业模式创新描述性框架---基于技术与资本市场的创新[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014(5):110-119.Liu Wei,Huang Ziwei,Ding Zhihui.A description framework of incubator business model:Based on technology and capital market innovation[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2014(5):110-119.
[3]张力.企业孵化器研究前沿与突破方向探析[J].外国经济与管理,2010(6):17-22.Zhang Li.Analysis on the frontiers and breakthrough directions of business incubators[J].Foreign Economics&Management,2010(6):17-22.
[4]BraxS,Jonsson K.Developing integrated solution offerings for remote diagnostics:A comparative case study of two manufacturers[J].Int J Oper Prod Manag,2009,29(5):539-560.
[5]Cova,B.and Salle,R.Co-creating value with customer network actors[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2008(37):270-277.
[6]SL Newbert.Treating stakeholders fairly[J].Business&Professional Ethics Journal,2007,26(1):55-70.
[7]陈寒松,张文玺.创业模式与企业组织的创新[J].山东大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2005(4):116-121.Chen Hansong,Zhang Wenxi.Innovation of entrepreneurial model and organization[J].Journal of Shandong University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2005(4):116-121.
[8]刘美玉.创业动机,创业资源与创业模式:基于新生代农民工创业的实证研究[J].宏观经济研究,2013(5):62-70.Liu Meiyu.Entrepreneurial motivation,entrepreneurial resources and entrepreneurial model:An empirical study based on the new generation of migrant workers[J].Macroeconomics,2013(5):62-70.
[9]徐明.“互联网+”时代的大学生创业模式选择与路径优化[J].中国青年社会科学,2015(5):49-55.Xu Ming.College students'entrepreneurial model choice and path optimization in the age of"Internet+"[J].Chinese Youth Social Science,2015(5):49-55.
[10]刘帮成,王重鸣.国际创业模式与组织绩效关系:一个基于知识的概念模型[J].科研管理,2005(4):72-79.Liu Bangceng,Wang Chongming.International entrepreneurship mode and Choice:A knowledge-based conceptual model[J].
[11]董洁林.“天生全球化”创业模式探讨:基于“千人计划”海归高科技创业的多案例研究[J].中国软科学,2013(4):26-38.Dong Jielin.The"Born Global"entrepreneurship in China---Case studies of the high-tech start-ups established by the"1000 Plan"diaspora entrepreneurs[J].China Soft Science,2013(4):26-38.
[12]张玉利,白峰.基于耗散理论的众创空间演进与优化研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2017,38(1):22-29.Zhang Yuli,Bai Feng.Research on entrepreneurship ecosystem evolution and optimization based on dissipative theory[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2017,38(1):22-29.
[13]梁云志,司春林.孵化器的商业模式研究:理论框架与实证分析[J].研究与发展管理,2010(1):43-51.Liang Yunzhi,Si Chunlin.The evolution of entrepreneurship theory:An introduction from the perspective of the implementation of entrepreneur's idiosyncratic human capita[J].R&DManagement,2010(1):43-51.
[14]Chesbrough H,Ahern S,Finn M,et al.Business models for technology in the developing world:The role of non-governmental organizations[J].California management review,2006,48(3):48-61.
[15]Soetanto D P,Jack S L.Business incubators and the networks of technology-based firms[J].The Journal of Technology Transfer,2013,38(4):432-453.
[16]吴文清,吕卓燏,赵黎明.科技企业孵化器合作网络结构及测度研究---以北京市、上海市为例[J].科学管理研究,2015(2):65-68.Wu Wenqing,Lv Zhuoyu,Zhao Liming.Research on structure and measurement of business incubator cooperation network---A case study of Beijing and Shanghai Business Incubators[J].Scientific Management Research,2015(2):65-68.
[17]李具恒,张美玲.科技企业孵化器促进区域经济发展的实践[J].中国科技论坛,2009(2):58-61.Li Juheng,Zhang Meiling.Practice of technology business incubator to promote regional economic development[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2009(2):58-61.
[18]姚小涛,席酉民.社会网络理论及其在企业研究中的应用[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2003(3):22-27.Yao Xiaotao,Xi Youmin.Social network theory and its lmplication in the field of firm study[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University(Social Sciences Edition),2003(3):22-27.
[19]石秀印.中国企业家成功的社会网络基础[J].管理世界,1998(6):187-208.Shi Xiuyin.The successful social network foundation of Chinese entrepreneurs[J].Management world,1998(6):187-208.
[20]Arthurs J.D.,Busenitz L.W.Dynamic capabilities and venture performance:The effects of venture capitalists[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2006(21):195-215.
[21]杨隽萍,唐鲁滨.浙江省创业者社会网络对创业绩效影响研究---基于知识获取和转化的视角[J].情报科学,2011(12):1876-1881.Yang Yuping,Tang Lubin.Research on impact Zhejiang entrepreneurs'social networks exerted on new venture performance---Based on the view of knowledge acquisition and transformation[J].Information Science,2011(12):1876-1881.
[22]庄晋财,沙开庆,程李梅,孙华平.创业成长中双重网络嵌入的演化规律研究---以正泰集团和温氏集团为例[J].中国工业经济,2012(8):122-134.Zhuang Jincai et.al..Study on evolution rules of dual embeddedness of social networks and industrial networks during the growth of new ventures----Cases of chint group and wens group[J].China Industrial Economics,2012(8):122-134.
[23]杨震宁,李东红,范黎波.身陷“盘丝洞”:社会网络关系嵌入过度影响了创业过程吗?[J].管理世界,2013(12):101-116.Yang Zhenning,Li Donghong,Fan Libo.Being trapped in the“PanSiDong”:Does the social network relationship excessively affect the entrepreneurial process?[J].Management world,2013(12):101-116.
[24]林嵩.创业生态系统、概念发展与运行机制[J].中央财经大学学报,2011,25(4):58-62.Lin Song.The concept development and operation mechanism of entrepreneurial ecosystem[J].Journal of Central University of Finance&Economics,2011,25(4):58-62.
[25]Vogel P.The employment outlook for youth:Building entrepreneurship ecosystem as a way forward[C].St.Petersburg:Conference Proceedings of the G20 Youth Forum,2013.
[26]蔡莉,彭秀清,Nambisan S,等.创业生态系统研究回顾与展望[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2016,56(1):05-16.Cai Li et.al.Entrepreneurial ecosystem:Review and prospects[J].Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition,2016,56(1):05-16.