果蔬乙烯催熟系统设计及香蕉催熟试验
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摘要
【目的】综合精准自动控制果蔬采后催熟所需温度、湿度、乙烯及CO_2气体参数,实现用乙烯气体安全自动催熟采后果蔬。【方法】在可控温控湿贮藏库中,设计加装乙烯气体输入感应装置、CO_2感应清除装置和微电脑调控程序终端,组成采后果蔬乙烯气体催熟系统,将库内多传感器和执行机构与微电脑调控终端连接,通过程序实现自动控制催熟各参数,并试验应用于香蕉的催熟。【结果】乙烯气体催熟系统可精确有效地自动控制贮藏库内的湿度、乙烯和CO_2气体体积分数,通入乙烯气体催熟处理2~3 d即可使香蕉达到外观销售需求,且贮放过程中香蕉的果肉硬度降低慢,货架期达8 d。【结论】同乙烯利催熟相比,采用该系统催熟香蕉具有安全自动、蕉果黄色色泽(b*值)和亮度值(L*)较高、后熟软化速度慢、货架期延长2~3 d等优点,可替代传统的乙烯利催熟方法。
【Objective】Fruits and vegetables, such as banana, avocado, kiwifruit and tomato are harvested at green mature status. They are subsequently allowed to ripen at ambient conditions for uniform color Currently in China, dipping or spraying with ethephon is the most common method to induce ripening of fruits and vegetable. Because the use of ethephon is banned in many countries due to health and environmental reasons, there is great need to develop ripening device and techniques using ethylene gas. The gaseous ethylene is a plant hormone promoting physiological senescence. For successful induction of ripening, accurate control of relative humidity(RH), temperature, and ethylene and CO_2 concentrations in the airtight ripening room is very important. Otherwise, there will be negative effects on ripening, pigmentation and quality. Because of their delicious, nice yellow-colored and nutritious pulp, bananas are the most popular fruit in China, especially in the north part. Ethephon is still commercially used in wholesale markets to ripen banana. Little information on ripening banana using gaseous ethylene has been reported, and there is need to standardize the method of ripening banana with this gas so that the uniformly ripened banana can fetch a remunerative price in domestic and international markets.【Methods】A system for inducing fruit and vegetable ripening with gaseous ethylene was designed and built in a storage room with automatic temperature and RH controlling. The system consisted of three main parts: 1) ethylene gas input, sensing and regulation settings; 2) a device for sensing CO_2 concentration and removing excessive CO_2 released by fruit respiration; 3) a micro-computer controlling terminal, software and other attached accessories. The system was a dry-fog humidity control system, inwhich mists generated through the fogger can rapidly spread providing steady RH as high as 90%-98%.Sensors for ethylene, CO_2, temperature and RH in the ripening room can continually sense their changes and transmit the signal to the corresponding micro-computer controlling terminal, then the controlling unit can automatically turn on or off each part, so that ethylene, CO_2, temperature and RH in the ripening room could constantly be maintained at the optimized points, which are most important for successful ripening characterized by uniform color and minimum weight loss and rotting.【Results】Application test and evaluation of the ripening system used for banana ripening was conducted. Results showed that the ripening system can accurately control ethylene, CO_2 and RH in the airtight ripening room at the set points. Banana fruit harvested at 75%-80% full maturity were exposed to 0.01%(φ)ethylene gas for three days at 18-20 ℃ and RH 95%. Commercial properties of the ripe banana fruit treated with gaseous ethylene were excellent with better bright yellow color, higher hardness in pulp, later development of pericarp brown flecks and longer shelf-life as compared to the control bananas ripened with ethephon dipping. In addition, there was no significant difference in quality parameters between ethylene gas treated banana and ethephon dipped banana. However, the content of vitamin C in ethylene gas treated banana was slightly higher. Moreover, there was less weight loss and less mechanical damage in ethylene gas treated bananas.【Conclusion】In conclusion, one of the advantages of the ripening system using ethylene gas for fruits and vegetables is its accurate and automatic control of all the parameters needed for artificial ripening. The operation of the ripening system needs just water, electricity, air and ethylene gas with no production of wastes, such as plastic packaging film and ethephon derives. Therefore, this ripening system is energy saving, environmental friendly and labor saving. In a ripening room as big as500 cubic meters, up to fifty tons of bananas can be ripened. This ripening system using gaseous ethylene is a good alternative to the traditional method with ethephon and meets the international food safety standards. The ripening system can also be used in ripening fruits such as tomato, mango and kiwifruit and in citrus de-greening. With the development of domestic fruit and vegetable industries, the ripening system has a wide range of potential applications. However, further experiments and commercial tests should be conducted to find the optimal conditions for different fruits and vegetables at different maturity stages.
【Objective】Fruits and vegetables, such as banana, avocado, kiwifruit and tomato are harvested at green mature status. They are subsequently allowed to ripen at ambient conditions for uniform color Currently in China, dipping or spraying with ethephon is the most common method to induce ripening of fruits and vegetable. Because the use of ethephon is banned in many countries due to health and environmental reasons, there is great need to develop ripening device and techniques using ethylene gas. The gaseous ethylene is a plant hormone promoting physiological senescence. For successful induction of ripening, accurate control of relative humidity(RH), temperature, and ethylene and CO_2 concentrations in the airtight ripening room is very important. Otherwise, there will be negative effects on ripening, pigmentation and quality. Because of their delicious, nice yellow-colored and nutritious pulp, bananas are the most popular fruit in China, especially in the north part. Ethephon is still commercially used in wholesale markets to ripen banana. Little information on ripening banana using gaseous ethylene has been reported, and there is need to standardize the method of ripening banana with this gas so that the uniformly ripened banana can fetch a remunerative price in domestic and international markets.【Methods】A system for inducing fruit and vegetable ripening with gaseous ethylene was designed and built in a storage room with automatic temperature and RH controlling. The system consisted of three main parts: 1) ethylene gas input, sensing and regulation settings; 2) a device for sensing CO_2 concentration and removing excessive CO_2 released by fruit respiration; 3) a micro-computer controlling terminal, software and other attached accessories. The system was a dry-fog humidity control system, inwhich mists generated through the fogger can rapidly spread providing steady RH as high as 90%-98%.Sensors for ethylene, CO_2, temperature and RH in the ripening room can continually sense their changes and transmit the signal to the corresponding micro-computer controlling terminal, then the controlling unit can automatically turn on or off each part, so that ethylene, CO_2, temperature and RH in the ripening room could constantly be maintained at the optimized points, which are most important for successful ripening characterized by uniform color and minimum weight loss and rotting.【Results】Application test and evaluation of the ripening system used for banana ripening was conducted. Results showed that the ripening system can accurately control ethylene, CO_2 and RH in the airtight ripening room at the set points. Banana fruit harvested at 75%-80% full maturity were exposed to 0.01%(φ)ethylene gas for three days at 18-20 ℃ and RH 95%. Commercial properties of the ripe banana fruit treated with gaseous ethylene were excellent with better bright yellow color, higher hardness in pulp, later development of pericarp brown flecks and longer shelf-life as compared to the control bananas ripened with ethephon dipping. In addition, there was no significant difference in quality parameters between ethylene gas treated banana and ethephon dipped banana. However, the content of vitamin C in ethylene gas treated banana was slightly higher. Moreover, there was less weight loss and less mechanical damage in ethylene gas treated bananas.【Conclusion】In conclusion, one of the advantages of the ripening system using ethylene gas for fruits and vegetables is its accurate and automatic control of all the parameters needed for artificial ripening. The operation of the ripening system needs just water, electricity, air and ethylene gas with no production of wastes, such as plastic packaging film and ethephon derives. Therefore, this ripening system is energy saving, environmental friendly and labor saving. In a ripening room as big as500 cubic meters, up to fifty tons of bananas can be ripened. This ripening system using gaseous ethylene is a good alternative to the traditional method with ethephon and meets the international food safety standards. The ripening system can also be used in ripening fruits such as tomato, mango and kiwifruit and in citrus de-greening. With the development of domestic fruit and vegetable industries, the ripening system has a wide range of potential applications. However, further experiments and commercial tests should be conducted to find the optimal conditions for different fruits and vegetables at different maturity stages.
引文
[1]SALVEIT M E.Effect of ethylene on quality of fresh fruits and vegetables[J].Postharvest Biology and Technology,1999,15(3):279-292.
[2]DHALL R K,SINGH P.Effect of ethephon and ethylene gas on ripening and quality of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)during cold storage[J].Journal of Nutrition&Food Science,2013,3:244-251.
[3]SINGH Z.Effect of postharvest application of ethephon on fruit ripening,quality and shelf-life of mango under modified atmosphere packaging[J].Acta Horticulturae,2001,553:599-602.
[4]卓春宣,林盛洪,陈登云,詹有青,彭迎春.乙烯利处理对促进金柑果实成熟的影响[J].亚热带农业研究,2013,9(2):119-122.ZHUO Chunxuan,LIN Shenghong,CHEN Dengyun,ZHAN Youqing,PENG Yingchun.Effect of ethephon on promoting the fruits maturation of kumquat[J].Subtropical Agriculture Research,2013,9(2):119-122.
[5]KUDACHIKAR S G,KUDACHIKAR V B,PRAKASH M N K.Studies on physic-chemical changes during artificial ripening of banana(Musa sp.)variety‘Robusta’[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,2011,48(6):730-734.
[6]尚政,张宇,王萌,章程辉.40%乙烯利水剂催熟对香蕉品质的影响[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(6):48-53.SHANG Zheng,ZHANG Yu,WANG Meng,ZHANG Chenghui.40%ethrel’s ripening effect on the qualities of banana[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2014,34(6):48-53.
[7]KULKARNI S G,KUDACHIKAR V B,VASANTHA M S,PRAKASH M N K,PRASAD B A,RAMANA K V R.Studies on effect of ethrel dip treatment on the ripening behavior of mango(Mangifera indica L.)variety‘Neelam’[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,2004,41(2):216-220.
[8]GILL P P S,JAWANDHA S K,SINGH N P,KAUR N,VERMA A.Influence of postharvest applications of ethephon on fruit ripening in mango[J].International Journal of Advanced Biological Research,2014,4(4):438-445.
[9]马冲,周欣欣,张佳,张宏军,路兴涛.乙烯利催熟番茄应用现状及对品质的影响[J].农药科学与管理,2014,35(2):64-70.MA Chong,ZHOU Xinxin,ZHANG Jia,ZHANG Hongjun,LU Xingtao.The application status and effect analysis of ethephon on tomato[J].Pesticide Science and Administration,2014,35(2):64-70.
[10]SARGENT S A.Ripening and quality responses of tomato fruit ethylene[J].Postharvest Biology and Technology,2005,36:127-134.
[11]王磊,卢凤来,刘金磊,刘幼娴,宋云飞,李典鹏.罗汉果苦果的采后处理研究[J].西南农业学报,2014,27(1):344-348.WANG Lei,LU Fenglai,LIU Jinlei,LIU Youxian,SONG Yunfei,LI Dianpeng.Postharvest handling study of luohanguo bitter fruit[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2014,27(1):344-348.
[12]孟祥春,高子祥,张昭其,张爱玉.夏橙果实发育后期及返青期类胡萝卜素积累及乙稀的调控[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(3):538-544.MENG Xiangchun,GAO Zixiang,ZHANG Zhaoqi,ZHANG Aiyu.Carotenoid accumulation and its regulation by ethylene in fruits of Valencia orange during its late development and regreening stages[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(3):538-544.
[13]孟祥春,毕方铖,丁心,邓其海.柑橘采后规范化乙烯脱绿技术介绍[J].中国南方果树,2014,43(6):118-120.MENG Xiangchun,BI Fangcheng,DING Xin,DENG Qihai.Introduction of normalized ethylene acceleration technology in citrus[J].South China Fruits,2014,43(6):118-120.
[14]孙琳琳,张恒.乙烯利对番茄果实品质及安全性的研究[J].农业灾害研究,2011,1(1):88-89.SUN Linlin,ZHANG Heng.Effect of ethephon on quality and safety of tomato fruit[J].Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology,2011,1(1):88-89.
[15]TAN Q L P,AN H T T,THANH L L,HONG L L T,TUYET S N T.The effects of ethephon on the ripening of Vietnamese Latundan bananas(Musa sapientum)[J].Emirates Journal of Food&Agriculture,2013,26(3):229-237.
[16]TOVAR B,MONTALVO E,DAMIAN B M,GARCIA H S,MATA M.Application of vacuum and exogenous ethylene on Ataulfo mango ripening[J].Food Science and Technology,2011,44(10):2040-2046.
[17]PARK Y S,JUNG S T,GORINSTEIN S.Ethylene treatment of‘Hayward’kiwifruits(Actinidia deliciosa)during ripening and its influence on ethylene biosynthesis and antioxidant activity[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2006,108(1):22-28.
[18]GROSS E K,WANG C Y,SALTVEIT M.The commercial storage of fruits,vegetables,and florist and nursery stocks.Agriculture Handbook 66[M].Washington,DC:United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,2016:76-81.
[19]孟祥春,黄泽鹏,毕方铖,金文渊.干雾湿度控制系统的组建及果蔬贮藏保鲜应用试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):271-276.MENG Xiangchun,HUANG Zepeng,BI Fangcheng,JIN Wenyuan.Dry-fog controlled humidity system and its application in fruit&vegetable storage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(11):271-276.
[20]ADEL A K.Banana:Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality[EB/OL].(2014-01-18)[2017-02-23].http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Commodity_Resources/Fact_Sheets/Datastores/Fruit_English/?uid=9&ds=798.
[21]国家技术监督局.香蕉:GB/T 9827—1988[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1988.State Bureau of Technical Supervision.Banana:GB/T 9827—1988[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1988.
[22]柯佑鹏,过建春,夏勇开,王芳.2013年海南香蕉产业损害监测预警分析报告[J].中国热带农业,2014(2):36-39.KE Youpeng,GUO Jianchun,XIA Yongkai,WANG Fang.Banana industry injury monitoring and early warning analysis report of Hainan in 2013[J].China Tropical Agriculture,2014(2):36-39.
[23]李佳琪.世界香蕉贸易格局变化对中国香蕉市场的影响研究[D].海口:海南大学,2015.LI Jiaqi.The study on world banana trade pattern and its influence on Chinese banana market[D].Haikou:Hainan Univeristy,2015.
[2]DHALL R K,SINGH P.Effect of ethephon and ethylene gas on ripening and quality of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)during cold storage[J].Journal of Nutrition&Food Science,2013,3:244-251.
[3]SINGH Z.Effect of postharvest application of ethephon on fruit ripening,quality and shelf-life of mango under modified atmosphere packaging[J].Acta Horticulturae,2001,553:599-602.
[4]卓春宣,林盛洪,陈登云,詹有青,彭迎春.乙烯利处理对促进金柑果实成熟的影响[J].亚热带农业研究,2013,9(2):119-122.ZHUO Chunxuan,LIN Shenghong,CHEN Dengyun,ZHAN Youqing,PENG Yingchun.Effect of ethephon on promoting the fruits maturation of kumquat[J].Subtropical Agriculture Research,2013,9(2):119-122.
[5]KUDACHIKAR S G,KUDACHIKAR V B,PRAKASH M N K.Studies on physic-chemical changes during artificial ripening of banana(Musa sp.)variety‘Robusta’[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,2011,48(6):730-734.
[6]尚政,张宇,王萌,章程辉.40%乙烯利水剂催熟对香蕉品质的影响[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(6):48-53.SHANG Zheng,ZHANG Yu,WANG Meng,ZHANG Chenghui.40%ethrel’s ripening effect on the qualities of banana[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2014,34(6):48-53.
[7]KULKARNI S G,KUDACHIKAR V B,VASANTHA M S,PRAKASH M N K,PRASAD B A,RAMANA K V R.Studies on effect of ethrel dip treatment on the ripening behavior of mango(Mangifera indica L.)variety‘Neelam’[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,2004,41(2):216-220.
[8]GILL P P S,JAWANDHA S K,SINGH N P,KAUR N,VERMA A.Influence of postharvest applications of ethephon on fruit ripening in mango[J].International Journal of Advanced Biological Research,2014,4(4):438-445.
[9]马冲,周欣欣,张佳,张宏军,路兴涛.乙烯利催熟番茄应用现状及对品质的影响[J].农药科学与管理,2014,35(2):64-70.MA Chong,ZHOU Xinxin,ZHANG Jia,ZHANG Hongjun,LU Xingtao.The application status and effect analysis of ethephon on tomato[J].Pesticide Science and Administration,2014,35(2):64-70.
[10]SARGENT S A.Ripening and quality responses of tomato fruit ethylene[J].Postharvest Biology and Technology,2005,36:127-134.
[11]王磊,卢凤来,刘金磊,刘幼娴,宋云飞,李典鹏.罗汉果苦果的采后处理研究[J].西南农业学报,2014,27(1):344-348.WANG Lei,LU Fenglai,LIU Jinlei,LIU Youxian,SONG Yunfei,LI Dianpeng.Postharvest handling study of luohanguo bitter fruit[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2014,27(1):344-348.
[12]孟祥春,高子祥,张昭其,张爱玉.夏橙果实发育后期及返青期类胡萝卜素积累及乙稀的调控[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(3):538-544.MENG Xiangchun,GAO Zixiang,ZHANG Zhaoqi,ZHANG Aiyu.Carotenoid accumulation and its regulation by ethylene in fruits of Valencia orange during its late development and regreening stages[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(3):538-544.
[13]孟祥春,毕方铖,丁心,邓其海.柑橘采后规范化乙烯脱绿技术介绍[J].中国南方果树,2014,43(6):118-120.MENG Xiangchun,BI Fangcheng,DING Xin,DENG Qihai.Introduction of normalized ethylene acceleration technology in citrus[J].South China Fruits,2014,43(6):118-120.
[14]孙琳琳,张恒.乙烯利对番茄果实品质及安全性的研究[J].农业灾害研究,2011,1(1):88-89.SUN Linlin,ZHANG Heng.Effect of ethephon on quality and safety of tomato fruit[J].Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology,2011,1(1):88-89.
[15]TAN Q L P,AN H T T,THANH L L,HONG L L T,TUYET S N T.The effects of ethephon on the ripening of Vietnamese Latundan bananas(Musa sapientum)[J].Emirates Journal of Food&Agriculture,2013,26(3):229-237.
[16]TOVAR B,MONTALVO E,DAMIAN B M,GARCIA H S,MATA M.Application of vacuum and exogenous ethylene on Ataulfo mango ripening[J].Food Science and Technology,2011,44(10):2040-2046.
[17]PARK Y S,JUNG S T,GORINSTEIN S.Ethylene treatment of‘Hayward’kiwifruits(Actinidia deliciosa)during ripening and its influence on ethylene biosynthesis and antioxidant activity[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2006,108(1):22-28.
[18]GROSS E K,WANG C Y,SALTVEIT M.The commercial storage of fruits,vegetables,and florist and nursery stocks.Agriculture Handbook 66[M].Washington,DC:United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,2016:76-81.
[19]孟祥春,黄泽鹏,毕方铖,金文渊.干雾湿度控制系统的组建及果蔬贮藏保鲜应用试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):271-276.MENG Xiangchun,HUANG Zepeng,BI Fangcheng,JIN Wenyuan.Dry-fog controlled humidity system and its application in fruit&vegetable storage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(11):271-276.
[20]ADEL A K.Banana:Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality[EB/OL].(2014-01-18)[2017-02-23].http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Commodity_Resources/Fact_Sheets/Datastores/Fruit_English/?uid=9&ds=798.
[21]国家技术监督局.香蕉:GB/T 9827—1988[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1988.State Bureau of Technical Supervision.Banana:GB/T 9827—1988[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1988.
[22]柯佑鹏,过建春,夏勇开,王芳.2013年海南香蕉产业损害监测预警分析报告[J].中国热带农业,2014(2):36-39.KE Youpeng,GUO Jianchun,XIA Yongkai,WANG Fang.Banana industry injury monitoring and early warning analysis report of Hainan in 2013[J].China Tropical Agriculture,2014(2):36-39.
[23]李佳琪.世界香蕉贸易格局变化对中国香蕉市场的影响研究[D].海口:海南大学,2015.LI Jiaqi.The study on world banana trade pattern and its influence on Chinese banana market[D].Haikou:Hainan Univeristy,2015.