词汇语义表征编码中的抽象性和像似性关系研究
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摘要
词汇语义编码中存在抽象性和像似性两种制约关系。主要讨论了与词汇形义关系相关的三个问题:第一,抽象词义的来源问题,认为语言的内在属性和词汇分布规律是抽象词义知识的主要来源;第二,像似性和抽象性在词汇形义关系中的功能差异问题,像似性因其形义理据而有助于词汇学习或交际,而抽象性则有助于新范畴或形义关系的构建;第三,词汇形义关系中一直存在像似性和抽象性两种关系的竞争。任意性特征能赋予语言表述更多的抽象意义,抽象性也因此在词汇形义关系发展中占据上风。
This paper probes into the mutual constrains of abstraction and iconicity in the semantic encoding of words. Three points are discussed. Firstly, the ubiquity abstract meanings with abstract words evolve from the property of language, and prove the best source of abstract knowledge. Secondly, the roles and functions of iconicity and abstraction are discussed: iconicity facilitates language learning and communication owing to the form-meaning resemblance, and the abstraction or arbitrariness of human languages are useful in the establishment of new categories and new form-meaning mappings. Thirdly, Form-meaning arbitrariness allow language to better convey abstract meanings, and iconicity is inimical to abstraction in that iconic forms are so connected to specific contexts and sensory depictions that generalization is hard to derive.
This paper probes into the mutual constrains of abstraction and iconicity in the semantic encoding of words. Three points are discussed. Firstly, the ubiquity abstract meanings with abstract words evolve from the property of language, and prove the best source of abstract knowledge. Secondly, the roles and functions of iconicity and abstraction are discussed: iconicity facilitates language learning and communication owing to the form-meaning resemblance, and the abstraction or arbitrariness of human languages are useful in the establishment of new categories and new form-meaning mappings. Thirdly, Form-meaning arbitrariness allow language to better convey abstract meanings, and iconicity is inimical to abstraction in that iconic forms are so connected to specific contexts and sensory depictions that generalization is hard to derive.
引文
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[13]CLASSEN C.Worlds of sense:exploring the senses in history and across cultures[M].London:Routledge,1993.
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[15]PEXMAN P M,HEARD A,LLOYD E,et al.The calgary semantic decision project:concrete/abstract decision data for10,000 English words[J].Behavior Research Methods,2017,49(2):1-11.
[2]BRYSBAERT M,WARRINER A B,KUPERMAN V.Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas[J].Behavior Research Methods,2014,46(3):904-911.
[3]PULVERMULLER F.How neurons make meaning:brain mechanisms for embodied and abstract-symbolic semantics[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2013,17(9):458-470.
[4]METEYARD L,CUADRADO S R,BAHRAMI B,et al.Coming of age:a review of embodiment and the neuroscience of semantics[J].Cortex,2012,48(7):788-804.
[5]ZWAAN R A,STANFIELD R A,YAXLEY R H.Language comprehenders mentally represent the shapes of objects[J].Psychological Science,2002,13(2):168-171.
[6]SHEPARD R N,COOPER L A.Representation of colors in the blind,color-blind,and normally sighted[J].Psychological Science,2010,3(2):97-104.
[7]JUHASZ B J,YAP M J.Sensory experience ratings for over5000 mono-and disyllabic words[J].Behavior Research Methods,2013,45(1):160-168.
[8]EDMISTON P,LUPYAN G.What makes words special?Words as unmotivated cues[J].Cognition,2015,143:93-100.
[9]ULTAN R.Size-sound symbolism[C]//GREENBERG J H.Universals of human language.Stanford:Stanford University Press,1978:525-568.
[10]LUPYAN G,WINTER B.Language is more abstract than you think,or,why aren’t languages more iconic?[J]Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B,2018,373(1752):1-11.
[11]BARTOLOTTI J,BRADLEY K,HERNANDEZ A E,et al.Neural signatures of second language learning and control[J].Neuropsychologia,2017,98:130-138.
[12]SIDHU D M,PEXMAN P M.Lonely sensational icons:semantic neighborhood density,sensory experience and iconicity[J].Language Cognition&Neuroscience,2017,33:25-31.
[13]CLASSEN C.Worlds of sense:exploring the senses in history and across cultures[M].London:Routledge,1993.
[14]TZENG C Y,NYGAARD L C,NAMY L L.The specificity of sound symbolic correspondences in spoken language[J].Cognitive Science,2016,41(2):113-121.
[15]PEXMAN P M,HEARD A,LLOYD E,et al.The calgary semantic decision project:concrete/abstract decision data for10,000 English words[J].Behavior Research Methods,2017,49(2):1-11.