留守儿童的冒险性:不确定性认知的视角
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摘要
随着过去几十年城市化的发展和社会流动性的持续增强,留守儿童是一个不容忽视的群体,甚至当中部分人已经开始步入成人社会。在个体和群体生活的各个方面,包括安全意识和行为、健康行为和习惯、性行为、财务和金钱,以及社会关系等方面,冒险性倾向和行为都会造成重要影响。因此,从留守儿童成长环境中的不确定性认知出发,围绕冒险倾向这一主题,用不确定性认知图式来整合梳理当前相关的研究结果。不确定性认知图式是留守儿童在不确定的家庭或社区成长过程中形成的对他人和外部世界可预测性的基本认知结构。对依恋对象(父母或同伴)和外部环境事件的可预测性认知,对后续一系列行为后果起着中介作用,包括冲动性强、延迟满足能力低、攻击和伤害行为多,以及情感问题等。
During the past decades of urbanization,there has been a continuing increase of mobility of oursociety. As a result,the left-behind children,many of whom are now becoming emerging adults,hasbecome a group of the population that cannot be ignored. Left-behind children's risk-taking tendency andactions may result in serious consequence in various aspects of individual or collective life,including senseof security and security behavior,healthy behavior and habit,sexual behavior,financial management,and social relationships. Focusing on the topic of risk-taking tendency and from the perspective ofuncertainty cognition,this paper sought to summarize the existing research findings using the framework ofthe cognitive schema of uncertainty. The cognitive schema of uncertainty is a basic cognitive structureconcerning the predictability of other people and the surrounding world,which is forming in the process ofgrowing up in an uncertain family or community. The cognition of predictability of attachment figures(parents or companions) and events they experienced mediates an array of sequences, includingheightened impulsivity,lower ability of delayed gratification,increased aggression and harmful behaviors,and emotional problems.
During the past decades of urbanization,there has been a continuing increase of mobility of oursociety. As a result,the left-behind children,many of whom are now becoming emerging adults,hasbecome a group of the population that cannot be ignored. Left-behind children's risk-taking tendency andactions may result in serious consequence in various aspects of individual or collective life,including senseof security and security behavior,healthy behavior and habit,sexual behavior,financial management,and social relationships. Focusing on the topic of risk-taking tendency and from the perspective ofuncertainty cognition,this paper sought to summarize the existing research findings using the framework ofthe cognitive schema of uncertainty. The cognitive schema of uncertainty is a basic cognitive structureconcerning the predictability of other people and the surrounding world,which is forming in the process ofgrowing up in an uncertain family or community. The cognition of predictability of attachment figures(parents or companions) and events they experienced mediates an array of sequences, includingheightened impulsivity,lower ability of delayed gratification,increased aggression and harmful behaviors,and emotional problems.
引文
[1]刘霞,范兴华,申继亮.初中留守儿童社会支持与问题行为的关系[J].心理发展与教育,2007(3):98-102.
[2]叶敬忠,詹姆斯·莫瑞.关注留守儿童:中国中西部农村地区劳动力外出务工对留守儿童的影响[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.
[3]段成荣,杨舸.我国农村留守儿童状况研究[J].人口研究,2008(3):15-25.
[4]郝振,崔丽娟.留守儿童界定标准探讨[J].中国青年研究,2007(10):40-43.
[5]罗静,王薇,高文斌.中国留守儿童研究述评[J].心理科学进展,2009(5):990-995.
[6]国务院人口普查办公室.2000年第五次全国人口普查主要数据[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2001.
[7]全国妇联课题组.全国农村留守儿童城乡流动儿童状况研究报告[J].中国妇运,2013(6):30-34.
[8]郑睿,张丽锦.儿童冒险行为的影响因素[J].心理科学进展,2009(4):745-752.
[9]Jessor R,Jessor S L.Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development:A Longitudinal Study of Youth[M].New York:Academic Press,1977.
[10]Leas L,Mellor D.Prediction of Delinquency:The Role of Depression,Risk-taking,and Parental Attachment[J].Behaviour Change,2000,17(3):155-166.
[11]Boyer T W.The Development of Risk-taking:A Multi-perspective Review[J].Developmental Review,2006,26(3):291-345.
[12]宋月萍,张耀光.农村留守儿童的健康以及卫生服务利用状况的影响因素分析[J].人口研究,2009(6):57-66.
[13]崔效辉,晏凤鸣.论农村留守儿童成长中的社工介入--以南京市六合区的XQ小学为例[J].社会工作,2009(24):4-8.
[14]赵富才.农村留守儿童问题研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.
[15]Belsky J,Steinberg L,Draper P.Childhood Experience,Interpersonal Development,and Reproductive Strategy:An Evolutionary Theory of Socialization[J].Child Development,2010,62(4):647-670.
[16]Ross L T,Hill E M.Childhood Unpredictability,Schemas for Unpredictability,and Risk Taking[J].Social Behavior and Personality:An International Journal,2002,30(5):453-473.
[17]林镇超,王燕.生命史理论:进化视角下的生命发展观[J].心理科学进展,2015,23(4):721-728.
[18]Rankenhuis W E,Ellis B J.Toward a Balanced View of Stress-adapted Cognition[J].Behavioral&Brain Sciences,2017,40:1-66.
[19]Ellis B J,Figueredo A J,Brumbach B H,et al.Fundamental Dimensions of Environmental Risk?:The Impact of Harsh Versus Unpredictable Environments on the Evolution and Development of Life History Strategies[J].Hum Nat,2009,20(2):204-268.
[20]Cabeza de Baca T,Barnett M A,Ellis B J.The Development of the Child Unpredictability Schema:Regulation Through Maternal Life History Trade-offs[J].Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences,2016,10(1):43-55.
[21]Proffitt Leyva R P,Hill S E.Unpredictability,Body Awareness,and Eating in the Absence of Hunger:A Cognitive Schemas Approach.[J].Health Psychology,2018,37(7):691-699.
[22]Yuki M,Schug J.Relational Mobility:A Socioecological Approach to Personal Relationships[J].American Psychological Association,2012(2):137-151.
[23]张晗,王鑫.农村留守儿童安全问题调查与分析[J].农业网络信息,2012(8):120-122.
[24]赵来东.农村留守儿童安全教育问题研究--以广东乐昌市某农村为例[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2014.
[25]罗惠文,莫秀婷,盖若琰.山东省农村学龄前留守儿童的安全意识调查研究[J].中国初级卫生保健,2015,29(12):26-27.
[26]Shaver P R,Collins N,Clark C L.Attachment Styles and Internal Working Models of Self and Relationship Partners[M]//G J O Fletcher,J Fitness.Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships:A Social Psychological Approach.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1996:25-61.
[27]Kavanagh P S,Kahl B L.Are Expectations the Missing Link Between Life History Strategies and Psychopathology?[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2018,9:89.
[28]Collins N L,Feeney B C.Working Models of Attachment Shape Perceptions of Social Support:Evidence From Experimental and Observational Studies[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2004,87(3):363-383.
[29]杨圆圆,胡朋利,郭晓伟,等.留守儿童心理一致感、同伴依恋和心理健康的关系研究[J].中国特殊教育,2012(7):62,89-93.
[30]魏萍.南阳市留守儿童问题行为研究[J].黑龙江教育学院学报,2011,30(1):111-113.
[31]牛盾,张爱林.青少年同伴接纳影响因素研究综述[J].青少年研究,2006(1):10-13.
[32]张勤,孟艳秋,吴鹭,等.2014年安徽省农村4-6年级留守小学生的攻击行为与亲子分离、社交焦虑的关系[J].卫生研究,2018,47(2):206-217.
[33]凌辉,张建人,易艳,等.分离年龄和留守时间对留守儿童行为和情绪问题的影响[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2012,20(5):674-678.
[34]刘衔华,燕良轼,胡义秋,等.留守儿童健康危险行为的易感性及其与家庭环境的关系[J].中国儿童保健杂志,2014,22(6):566-568.
[35]范兴华,何苗,陈锋菊.父母关爱与留守儿童孤独感:希望的作用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2016,24(4):702-705.
[36]Rotter J B.Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement[J].Psychol Monogr,1966,80(1):1-28.
[37]Liverant S,Scodel A.Internal and External Control as Determinants of Decision Making under Conditions of Risk[J].Psychological Reports,1960,7(1):59-67.
[38]Joe V C.Review of the Internal-external Control Construct as a Personality Variable[J].Psychological Reports,1971,28(2):619-40.
[39]Julian J W,Lichtman C M,Ryckman R M.Internal-external Control and the Need to Control[J].Journal of Social Psychology,1968,76(1):43.
[40]Arnett J.Sensation Seeking:A New Conceptualization and a New Scale[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1994,16(2):289-296.
[41]Hansen E B,Breivik G.Sensation Seeking as a Predictor of Positive and Negative Risk Behaviour Among Adolescents[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2001,30(4):627-640.
[42]成孟丽,杨慧,栗学军,等.长春市某校大专学生感觉寻求及其影响因素研究[J].湘南学院学报(医学版),2011(3):52-54.
[43]成孟丽,刘庆武,周少平,等.郴州市大学生感觉寻求的影响因素探讨[J].实用预防医学,2013(1):12-15.
[44]徐云,马龙.农村留守青少年自我伤害行为特征与原因探讨--基于湖北省麻城的调查[J].中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2013(4):90-96.
[45]李妮娜,徐芳芳,徐华华,等.留守儿童的伤害现状及其与人格特征的关系[J].中国农村卫生事业管理,2015(10):1310-1313.
[46]Brezina T.Interpreting Risky Behavior as a Contextually Appropriate Response:Significance and Policy Implications Beyond Socioeconomic Status[J].Behavioral&Brain Sciences,2017,40:20-21.
[47]Hill E M,Ross L T,Low B S.The Role of Future Unpredictability in Human Risk-taking[J].Human Nature,1997,8(4):287-325.
[48]徐建财,邓远平.农村留守儿童生活经历对大学生人格发展的影响[J].长春理工大学学报(社会科学版),2008(6):123-126.
[49]Ellis B J,Bianchi J,Griskevicius V,et al.Beyond Risk and Protective Factors:An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience[J].Perspectives on Psychological Science,2017,12(4):561-587.
[50]Pepper G V,Nettle D.The Behavioural Constellation of Deprivation:Causes and Consequences[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2017,40:1-16.
[51]Farley F.The Type T Personality Goes to School[C]//Invited Address at the 97th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association.New Orleans,1989.
[2]叶敬忠,詹姆斯·莫瑞.关注留守儿童:中国中西部农村地区劳动力外出务工对留守儿童的影响[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.
[3]段成荣,杨舸.我国农村留守儿童状况研究[J].人口研究,2008(3):15-25.
[4]郝振,崔丽娟.留守儿童界定标准探讨[J].中国青年研究,2007(10):40-43.
[5]罗静,王薇,高文斌.中国留守儿童研究述评[J].心理科学进展,2009(5):990-995.
[6]国务院人口普查办公室.2000年第五次全国人口普查主要数据[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2001.
[7]全国妇联课题组.全国农村留守儿童城乡流动儿童状况研究报告[J].中国妇运,2013(6):30-34.
[8]郑睿,张丽锦.儿童冒险行为的影响因素[J].心理科学进展,2009(4):745-752.
[9]Jessor R,Jessor S L.Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development:A Longitudinal Study of Youth[M].New York:Academic Press,1977.
[10]Leas L,Mellor D.Prediction of Delinquency:The Role of Depression,Risk-taking,and Parental Attachment[J].Behaviour Change,2000,17(3):155-166.
[11]Boyer T W.The Development of Risk-taking:A Multi-perspective Review[J].Developmental Review,2006,26(3):291-345.
[12]宋月萍,张耀光.农村留守儿童的健康以及卫生服务利用状况的影响因素分析[J].人口研究,2009(6):57-66.
[13]崔效辉,晏凤鸣.论农村留守儿童成长中的社工介入--以南京市六合区的XQ小学为例[J].社会工作,2009(24):4-8.
[14]赵富才.农村留守儿童问题研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.
[15]Belsky J,Steinberg L,Draper P.Childhood Experience,Interpersonal Development,and Reproductive Strategy:An Evolutionary Theory of Socialization[J].Child Development,2010,62(4):647-670.
[16]Ross L T,Hill E M.Childhood Unpredictability,Schemas for Unpredictability,and Risk Taking[J].Social Behavior and Personality:An International Journal,2002,30(5):453-473.
[17]林镇超,王燕.生命史理论:进化视角下的生命发展观[J].心理科学进展,2015,23(4):721-728.
[18]Rankenhuis W E,Ellis B J.Toward a Balanced View of Stress-adapted Cognition[J].Behavioral&Brain Sciences,2017,40:1-66.
[19]Ellis B J,Figueredo A J,Brumbach B H,et al.Fundamental Dimensions of Environmental Risk?:The Impact of Harsh Versus Unpredictable Environments on the Evolution and Development of Life History Strategies[J].Hum Nat,2009,20(2):204-268.
[20]Cabeza de Baca T,Barnett M A,Ellis B J.The Development of the Child Unpredictability Schema:Regulation Through Maternal Life History Trade-offs[J].Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences,2016,10(1):43-55.
[21]Proffitt Leyva R P,Hill S E.Unpredictability,Body Awareness,and Eating in the Absence of Hunger:A Cognitive Schemas Approach.[J].Health Psychology,2018,37(7):691-699.
[22]Yuki M,Schug J.Relational Mobility:A Socioecological Approach to Personal Relationships[J].American Psychological Association,2012(2):137-151.
[23]张晗,王鑫.农村留守儿童安全问题调查与分析[J].农业网络信息,2012(8):120-122.
[24]赵来东.农村留守儿童安全教育问题研究--以广东乐昌市某农村为例[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2014.
[25]罗惠文,莫秀婷,盖若琰.山东省农村学龄前留守儿童的安全意识调查研究[J].中国初级卫生保健,2015,29(12):26-27.
[26]Shaver P R,Collins N,Clark C L.Attachment Styles and Internal Working Models of Self and Relationship Partners[M]//G J O Fletcher,J Fitness.Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships:A Social Psychological Approach.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1996:25-61.
[27]Kavanagh P S,Kahl B L.Are Expectations the Missing Link Between Life History Strategies and Psychopathology?[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2018,9:89.
[28]Collins N L,Feeney B C.Working Models of Attachment Shape Perceptions of Social Support:Evidence From Experimental and Observational Studies[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2004,87(3):363-383.
[29]杨圆圆,胡朋利,郭晓伟,等.留守儿童心理一致感、同伴依恋和心理健康的关系研究[J].中国特殊教育,2012(7):62,89-93.
[30]魏萍.南阳市留守儿童问题行为研究[J].黑龙江教育学院学报,2011,30(1):111-113.
[31]牛盾,张爱林.青少年同伴接纳影响因素研究综述[J].青少年研究,2006(1):10-13.
[32]张勤,孟艳秋,吴鹭,等.2014年安徽省农村4-6年级留守小学生的攻击行为与亲子分离、社交焦虑的关系[J].卫生研究,2018,47(2):206-217.
[33]凌辉,张建人,易艳,等.分离年龄和留守时间对留守儿童行为和情绪问题的影响[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2012,20(5):674-678.
[34]刘衔华,燕良轼,胡义秋,等.留守儿童健康危险行为的易感性及其与家庭环境的关系[J].中国儿童保健杂志,2014,22(6):566-568.
[35]范兴华,何苗,陈锋菊.父母关爱与留守儿童孤独感:希望的作用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2016,24(4):702-705.
[36]Rotter J B.Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement[J].Psychol Monogr,1966,80(1):1-28.
[37]Liverant S,Scodel A.Internal and External Control as Determinants of Decision Making under Conditions of Risk[J].Psychological Reports,1960,7(1):59-67.
[38]Joe V C.Review of the Internal-external Control Construct as a Personality Variable[J].Psychological Reports,1971,28(2):619-40.
[39]Julian J W,Lichtman C M,Ryckman R M.Internal-external Control and the Need to Control[J].Journal of Social Psychology,1968,76(1):43.
[40]Arnett J.Sensation Seeking:A New Conceptualization and a New Scale[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1994,16(2):289-296.
[41]Hansen E B,Breivik G.Sensation Seeking as a Predictor of Positive and Negative Risk Behaviour Among Adolescents[J].Personality and Individual Differences,2001,30(4):627-640.
[42]成孟丽,杨慧,栗学军,等.长春市某校大专学生感觉寻求及其影响因素研究[J].湘南学院学报(医学版),2011(3):52-54.
[43]成孟丽,刘庆武,周少平,等.郴州市大学生感觉寻求的影响因素探讨[J].实用预防医学,2013(1):12-15.
[44]徐云,马龙.农村留守青少年自我伤害行为特征与原因探讨--基于湖北省麻城的调查[J].中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2013(4):90-96.
[45]李妮娜,徐芳芳,徐华华,等.留守儿童的伤害现状及其与人格特征的关系[J].中国农村卫生事业管理,2015(10):1310-1313.
[46]Brezina T.Interpreting Risky Behavior as a Contextually Appropriate Response:Significance and Policy Implications Beyond Socioeconomic Status[J].Behavioral&Brain Sciences,2017,40:20-21.
[47]Hill E M,Ross L T,Low B S.The Role of Future Unpredictability in Human Risk-taking[J].Human Nature,1997,8(4):287-325.
[48]徐建财,邓远平.农村留守儿童生活经历对大学生人格发展的影响[J].长春理工大学学报(社会科学版),2008(6):123-126.
[49]Ellis B J,Bianchi J,Griskevicius V,et al.Beyond Risk and Protective Factors:An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience[J].Perspectives on Psychological Science,2017,12(4):561-587.
[50]Pepper G V,Nettle D.The Behavioural Constellation of Deprivation:Causes and Consequences[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2017,40:1-16.
[51]Farley F.The Type T Personality Goes to School[C]//Invited Address at the 97th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association.New Orleans,1989.