凤阳明中都遗址出土琉璃瓦胎体制作工艺研究
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摘要
为探索明代初期中国琉璃瓦制作工艺技术水平与工艺特点,运用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(energy disperse X-ray fluorescence, EDXRF),对安徽凤阳明中都及南京明故宫遗址出土69件琉璃瓦样品胎体化学组成进行了测定,同时利用热膨胀仪、吸水率测定仪和偏光显微镜等仪器设备对样品胎体的烧成温度、吸水率、显气孔率、体积密度与显微结构等进行了分析。分析结果显示,明中都样品胎体根据元素化学组成差异可分为高钙高铁、低钙高铁和低钙低铁三种类型,表明该遗址琉璃瓦样品胎体制作原料可能具有不同来源,同时,部分明中都样品的化学组成与南京明故宫样品较为接近,而上述两处遗址样品与北京故宫样品在化学组成上皆具有显著差异。烧成温度、物理性能和显微结构分析结果显示,明中都琉璃瓦瓷质胎体样品的烧成温度较高,达到了1 141℃,且吸水率和显气孔率明显较低,达到了瓷胎的标准,而陶质胎体琉璃瓦样品的烧成温度约为880～1 100℃,吸水率和显气孔率较大,且不同样品间差异明显,这可能是由于明中都琉璃瓦胎体的来源不同,导致不同样品在烧成温度、吸水率、显气孔率等方面差异较大。与北京、南京二处的琉璃瓦样品相比,明中都样品吸水率及显气孔率稍微高于二处,但三处陶胎琉璃瓦样品胎体的烧成温度基本都在1 100℃以下。明中都三种不同类型样品胎体显微结构差异较小,矿物颗粒粒径和孔隙大小相近,其中部分石英晶体具有明显的熔蚀边。此外,明中都和明故宫样品的显微结构特点显示两处遗址样品胎体原料加工皆较为精细,原料淘洗和烧结程度较高,琉璃瓦物理性能较好。对明初洪武时期明中都出土琉璃瓦烧制工艺的研究结果,不仅可为了解我国琉璃瓦工艺发展历程、还可对探索明初琉璃制作工艺和明中都营建的组织形式等提供科学依据。
In order to explore the manufacturing technique level and characteristic for glazed tiles in early Ming dynasty, Energy Disperse X-Ray Fluorescence(EDXRF) was used to the determination of chemical composition of 69 pieces glazed tiles bodies from Mingzhongdu Site in Fengyang(FMZD), and Minggugong Site in Nanjing(NMGG), thermal expansion instrument, water absorption rate determinator and polarizing microscope were used to analyze the bodies' firing temperature and the rate of water absorption and apparent porosity, bulk density, microstructure. The results showed that, the sample bodies were divided into three types: high Ca and Fe, low Ca high Fe and low Ca low Fe, which meant that the raw materials of samples were from different areas. The chemical composition of some FMZD's samples had a great similarity with NMGG, while the two places had obvious difference in chemical composition compared with Beijinggugong's glazed tiles bodies, which suggested the raw materials for Beijinggugong's samples were different from the Mingzhongdu and Minggugong's samples. The results of firing temperature and physical properties, microstructure showed that: firing temperature of porcelain body in FMZD was so high that reached 1 140 ℃, lower in water absorption and porosity, and the porcelain body met the requirement of standards. While firing temperature of the pottery bodies was about 880～1 100 ℃,higher in water absorption and porosity, obvious differences in the samples of the FMZD's, and it was speculated that the dispersion of the raw materials origin of the FMZD's tiled glazes caused the differences on the firing temperature, water absorption and porosity. Compared with samples of NMGG and BGGM, absorption and porosity of the FMZD's samples were higher than that's, but firing temperature of the pottery bodies of the three places was below 1100℃. The microstructures of the FMZD and NMGG's samples were rarely different from the pictures of the microstructures, which showed that the bodies raw materials were smashed subtly and elutriated highly, sintered higher, and tiled glazes had the better performance comparison. By studying the firing technology for tiled glazes during Hongwu Period in early Ming Dynasty, it not only enriched the course of the technological development of the tiled glazes, but also offered the gist for understanding the making-technology of tiled glazes and organization form of building Mingzhongdu.
In order to explore the manufacturing technique level and characteristic for glazed tiles in early Ming dynasty, Energy Disperse X-Ray Fluorescence(EDXRF) was used to the determination of chemical composition of 69 pieces glazed tiles bodies from Mingzhongdu Site in Fengyang(FMZD), and Minggugong Site in Nanjing(NMGG), thermal expansion instrument, water absorption rate determinator and polarizing microscope were used to analyze the bodies' firing temperature and the rate of water absorption and apparent porosity, bulk density, microstructure. The results showed that, the sample bodies were divided into three types: high Ca and Fe, low Ca high Fe and low Ca low Fe, which meant that the raw materials of samples were from different areas. The chemical composition of some FMZD's samples had a great similarity with NMGG, while the two places had obvious difference in chemical composition compared with Beijinggugong's glazed tiles bodies, which suggested the raw materials for Beijinggugong's samples were different from the Mingzhongdu and Minggugong's samples. The results of firing temperature and physical properties, microstructure showed that: firing temperature of porcelain body in FMZD was so high that reached 1 140 ℃, lower in water absorption and porosity, and the porcelain body met the requirement of standards. While firing temperature of the pottery bodies was about 880～1 100 ℃,higher in water absorption and porosity, obvious differences in the samples of the FMZD's, and it was speculated that the dispersion of the raw materials origin of the FMZD's tiled glazes caused the differences on the firing temperature, water absorption and porosity. Compared with samples of NMGG and BGGM, absorption and porosity of the FMZD's samples were higher than that's, but firing temperature of the pottery bodies of the three places was below 1100℃. The microstructures of the FMZD and NMGG's samples were rarely different from the pictures of the microstructures, which showed that the bodies raw materials were smashed subtly and elutriated highly, sintered higher, and tiled glazes had the better performance comparison. By studying the firing technology for tiled glazes during Hongwu Period in early Ming Dynasty, it not only enriched the course of the technological development of the tiled glazes, but also offered the gist for understanding the making-technology of tiled glazes and organization form of building Mingzhongdu.
引文
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[3] WEI Zheng(魏徵). 《Sui Book》(《隋书》). Zhonghua Book Company(中华书局). Volume 68.
[4] WANG Yong-ping(汪永平). Traditional Chinese Architecture and Gardens(古建园林技术), 1989, (4): 48.
[5] DUAN Hong-ying, DING Yin-zhong, LIANG Guo-li, et al(段鸿莺, 丁银忠, 梁国立, 等). China Ceramics(中国陶瓷), 2011, (4): 69.
[6] DING Yin-zhong, DUAN Hong-ying, KANG Bao-qiang, et al(丁银忠, 段鸿莺, 康葆强, 等). China Ceramics(中国陶瓷), 2011, (1): 70.
[7] KANG Bao-qiang, WANG Shi-wei, DUAN Hong-ying, et al(康葆强, 王时伟, 段鸿莺, 等). Journal of Gugong Studies(故宫学刊), 2013, (2): 234.
[8] KANG Bao-qiang, DUAN Hong-ying, DING Yin-zhong, et al(康葆强, 段鸿莺, 丁银忠, 等). Relics from South(南方文物), 2009, (3): 116.
[9] 《Ming Taizu Records》(明太祖实录). Emended by Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica(中央研究院历史语言研究所校勘影印). Volume 450.
[10] 《Ming Taizu Records》(明太祖实录). Emended by Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica(中央研究院历史语言研究所校勘影印). Volume 83.
[11] Tite M S. Archaeometry, 1969, 1(11): 131.
[12] LUO Hong-jie(罗宏杰). Chinese Ancient Ceramic And Multivariate Statistical Anaysis(中国古陶瓷与多元统计分析). Beijing: China Light Industry Press(北京: 中国轻工业出版社). 1997. 22.
[13] MIAO Jian-min, WANG Shi-wei(苗建民, 王时伟). ISAC’05(古陶瓷科学技术5国际会议论文集). Shanghai: Shanghai Sci-Tech Press(上海: 上海科学技术出版社), 2005. 108.
[14] LI Jia-zhi(李家治). Chinese History of Sci-Tech·Volume of Ceramics(中国科学技术史·陶瓷卷). Bejing: Science Press(北京: 科学出版社), 1995. 33.
[15] GUO Yan-yi, LI Guo-zhen(郭演仪, 李国桢). Technological Bases of Famous Chinese Porcelains(中国名瓷工艺基础). Shanghai: Shanghai Sci-Tech Press(上海: 上海科学技术出版社), 1985. 25.
[16] LI Jia-zhi(李家治). Chinese History of Sci-Tech·Volume of Ceramics(中国科学技术史·陶瓷卷). Bejing: Science Press(北京: 科学出版社), 1995. 71.
[17] TANG Geng-sheng, KAN Xu-hang(汤更生, 阚绪杭). Word Bricks of Fengyang MingZhongdu(凤阳明中都字砖). Beijing: Cultural Relics Press(北京: 文物出版社), 2016. 6.
[18] MA Tie-cheng(马铁成). Ceramic Technology(陶瓷工艺学). Beijng: China Light Industry Press(北京: 中国轻工业出版社), 2011. 102.