分时电价下价格理性用户最优充电策略
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摘要
电动汽车作为一种移动负荷,其充放电行为将对电网产生巨大的影响。在尖峰、峰、平、谷、尖谷5段分时充电电价与传统峰、平、谷3段分时放电电价下,建立了4类电动汽车充放电响应模型与价格理性用户最优充电策略,并计算出用户所需要的充电费用、电网的负荷量与网络损耗率。仿真结果表明:该模型求得的最优充电策略,不仅可以使用户费用降低,还可以大大降低电网的网络损耗率。
As a mobile load,the charging and discharging behaviors of electric vehicles will have a huge impact on the power grid.This paper makes a study of the electric charging and discharging strategy under time-of-use(TOU) power prices.Four types of EV response models are established,and the optimal charging strategy of rational user is given based on five periods of charging prices and three periods of discharging prices.Under this price strategy,the paper calculates the charging fees of EV users,the gird load and network loss.The simulation results show that the optimal charging strategy proposed not only reduces the cost of EV users but also significantly reduces the power network loss rate.
As a mobile load,the charging and discharging behaviors of electric vehicles will have a huge impact on the power grid.This paper makes a study of the electric charging and discharging strategy under time-of-use(TOU) power prices.Four types of EV response models are established,and the optimal charging strategy of rational user is given based on five periods of charging prices and three periods of discharging prices.Under this price strategy,the paper calculates the charging fees of EV users,the gird load and network loss.The simulation results show that the optimal charging strategy proposed not only reduces the cost of EV users but also significantly reduces the power network loss rate.
引文
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[21]TAYLOR J,MAITRA A,ALEXANDER M.Evaluation of the impact of plug-in electric vehicle loading on distribution system operations[C]//IEEE Power&Energy Society General Meeting,Calgary,Canada,2009:1-6.
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[2]DENHOLM P,SHORTh W.An evalu-ation of utility system impacts and benefits of optimally dispatched plug-in hybrid electric vehicles[R].Colorado:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2006.
[3]MICHAEL K M,KEVIN S,ROBERT P.Impacts assessment of plug-in hybrid vehicles on electric utilities and regional U.S.power grids part1:technical analysis[R].Washington:Pacific Northwest National Labora-tory,2007.
[4]TAYLOR J,MAITRA A,ALEXANDER M,et al.Evaluation of the impact of plug-in electric vehicle loading on distribution system operations[C]//Power&Energy Society General Meeting,2009.
[5]KAZERONI M,KAR N C.Impact analy-sis of EV battery charging on the power system distribution transformers[C]//2012 IEEEInternational Electric Vehicle Con-ference(IEVC).Piscataway,NJ,USA,2012.
[6]GOMEZ J C,MORCOS M M.Impact of EV battery chargers on the power quality of distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2003,18(3):975-981.
[7]GREEN R C,WANG L F,ALAM M.The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks:a review and outlook[C]//Power and Energy Society General Meeting.IEEE,2010.
[8]PIELAIN F X,NDEZ L,GO X,et al.Assessment of the impact of plug-in electric vehicles on distribution networks[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2011,26(1):206-213.
[9]项顶,宋永华,胡泽春,等.电动汽车参与V2G的最优峰谷电价研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(11):15-25.XIANG Ding,SONG Yonghua,HU Zechun,et al.Research on optimal time of use price for electric vehicle participating V2G[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(11):15-25.
[10]TOMI?J,KEMPTON W.Using fleets of electric-drive vehicles for grid support[J].Journal of Power Sources,2007,168(2):459-468.
[11]PETERSON S B,WHITACRE J F,APT J.The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(8):2377-2384.
[12]孙波,廖强强,谢品杰,等.车电互联削峰填谷的经济成本效益分析[J].电网技术,2012,36(10):30-34.SUN Bo,LIAO Qiangqiang,XIE Pinjie,et al.A cost-benefit analysis model of vehicle-to-grid for peak shaving[J].Power System Technology,2012,36(10):30-34.
[13]高亚静,王辰,梁海峰,等.计及车主满意度的电动汽车最优峰谷分时电价模型[J].电力自动化设备,2014,34(2):8-12.GAO Yajing,WANG Chen,LIANG Haifeng,et al.Optimal time-ofuse price model considering satisfaction degree of electric vehicle owners[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2014,34(2):8-12.
[14]王辰,引导电动汽车有序充放电的峰谷分时电价研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2013.
[15]高亚静,吕孟扩,梁海峰,等.计及网损与电动汽车车主利益的分时电价研究[J].电力科学与工程,2014,30(7):37-42.GAO Yajing,LU Mengkuo,LIANG Haifeng,et al.Research on time-of-use price considering power lossed and the interest of electric vehicle owners[J].Electric Power Science and Engineering,2014,30(7):37-42.
[16]孙晓明.电动汽车充电电价时段划分方法及有序充电策略研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2014.
[17]史乐峰,任玉珑,俞集辉,等.基于逆向供应的V2G市场电价策略研究[J].管理工程学报,2013,26(2):113-118.SHI Lefeng,REN Yulong,YU Jihui,et al.V2G market price strategy based on reverse supply[J].Journal of Industrial Engineering Management,2013,26(2):113-118.
[18]刘伟佳,文福拴,薛禹胜,等.电动汽车参与电力系统优化调度的谈判策略[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(9):192-200.LIU Weijia,WEN Fushuan,XUE Yusheng,et al.Negotiation strategies for participation of electric vehicles in power system optimal dispatching[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(9):192-200.
[19]CHENYE W,MOHSENIAN-RSD H,JIANWEI H.Vehicle-toaggegator inter-action game[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2012,3(1):434-442.
[20]SOVACOOL B K,HIRSH R F.Beyond batteries:an examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric ve-hicles(PHEVs)and a vehicle-to-grid(V2G)transition[J].Energy Policy,2009,37(3):1095-1103.
[21]TAYLOR J,MAITRA A,ALEXANDER M.Evaluation of the impact of plug-in electric vehicle loading on distribution system operations[C]//IEEE Power&Energy Society General Meeting,Calgary,Canada,2009:1-6.
[22]KAUFMAN L,ROUSSEEUW P J.Finding groups in data.an introduction to cluster analysis[M].Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics.Applied Probability and Statistics,New York:Wiley.1990.
[23]BRADLEY P S,FAYYAD U M.Refining initial points for K-means Clustering[C]//Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Machine learning,1998:91-99.
[24]BRADLEY P S,FAYYAD U,REINA C.Scaling clustering algorithms to large data bases[C].Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining.1998:9-1.