亚热带林下混种群鸟巢生态位分化与共存
|
摘要
鸟类混种群在热带、亚热带森林普遍存在,华南地区的集群鸟类以画眉科鸟类为主,这些集群种大小类似,食性相近,它们的生态位如何分化、共存机制如何是生态学研究的重要问题。于2016—2017年繁殖期,用鸟巢统计法对广东鼎湖山国家级自然保护区和广东郁南同乐大山省级自然保护区林下鸟类繁殖生态位进行调查,通过筑巢林地、筑巢基质和筑巢高度3个生态维度,比较7种林下鸟的生态位宽度和重叠程度。结果表明:灰眶雀鹛(Alcippe morrisonia)在3个维度上的生态位宽度均最大,这可能是它成为混种群优势种的原因;在鼎湖山和同乐大山,筑巢林地的生态位重叠值分别为0.85±0.01(n=10)和0.76±0.02(n=10),筑巢基质生态位重叠值分别为0.20±0.08(n=10)和0.23±0.12(n=10),筑巢高度生态位重叠值分别为0.26±0.09(n=10)和0.35±0.20(n=10);虽然鸟类在筑巢林地上的生态位重叠较高,但在筑巢基质和筑巢高度上有较大的生态位分离,生态位的分离促使鸟类可以在混种群共存而避免竞争。
Mixed-species flocks of birds are common in tropical and subtropical forest worldwide. In South China, babblers(Timaliidae) are the main members of these flocks. Most of babblers are small-bodied insectivores. Niche separation and coexistence of these species within the mixed-species flocks are hot ecological issues. A study of the nesting niche of understory birds at Guangdong Dinghushan National Nature Reserve(DNR) and Guangdong Yunan Tongledashan Provincial Nature Reserve(TNR) was carried out by systematically searching for bird nests during the breeding seasons of 2016 and 2017. Niche width and niche overlap of nesting habitat types,nesting substrate and nesting height were compared for 7 species. The grey-cheeked fulvetta(Alcippe morrisonia) was found to have the largest niche breadth in all three variables. This may explain why grey-cheeked fulvetta is the dominant species in mixed-species flocks in South China. The niche overlap values were 0.85±0.01(n=10) in DNR, 0.76±0.02(n=10) in TNR for nesting habitat types, 0.20±0.08(n=10) in DNR, 0.23±0.12(n=10) in TNR for nesting substrates, and 0.26±0.09(n=10) in DNR, 0.35±0.20(n=10) in TNR for nesting heights. There was high niche overlap for nesting habitat types, but lower niche overlap for nesting substrates and nesting heights. This implies that niche separation of nesting substrate and nesting height may decrease competition for resources between species in the same flocks. This study of breeding niche overlap helps to explain how species in mixed-species flocks can coexist.
Mixed-species flocks of birds are common in tropical and subtropical forest worldwide. In South China, babblers(Timaliidae) are the main members of these flocks. Most of babblers are small-bodied insectivores. Niche separation and coexistence of these species within the mixed-species flocks are hot ecological issues. A study of the nesting niche of understory birds at Guangdong Dinghushan National Nature Reserve(DNR) and Guangdong Yunan Tongledashan Provincial Nature Reserve(TNR) was carried out by systematically searching for bird nests during the breeding seasons of 2016 and 2017. Niche width and niche overlap of nesting habitat types,nesting substrate and nesting height were compared for 7 species. The grey-cheeked fulvetta(Alcippe morrisonia) was found to have the largest niche breadth in all three variables. This may explain why grey-cheeked fulvetta is the dominant species in mixed-species flocks in South China. The niche overlap values were 0.85±0.01(n=10) in DNR, 0.76±0.02(n=10) in TNR for nesting habitat types, 0.20±0.08(n=10) in DNR, 0.23±0.12(n=10) in TNR for nesting substrates, and 0.26±0.09(n=10) in DNR, 0.35±0.20(n=10) in TNR for nesting heights. There was high niche overlap for nesting habitat types, but lower niche overlap for nesting substrates and nesting heights. This implies that niche separation of nesting substrate and nesting height may decrease competition for resources between species in the same flocks. This study of breeding niche overlap helps to explain how species in mixed-species flocks can coexist.
引文
[1] MACARTHUR R H.Population Ecology of Some Warblers of Northeastern Coniferous Forests[J].Ecology,1958,39(4):599-619.
[2] LEIBOLD M A.The Niche Concept Revisited:Mechanistic Models and Community Context[J].Ecology,1995,76(5):1371-1382.
[3] LUSH L,WARD A I,WHEELER P.Dietary Niche Partitioning Between Sympatric Brown Hares and Rabbits[J].Journal of Zoology,2017,303(1):36-45.
[4] 王维奎,周材权,龙帅,等.四川南充太和鹭科鸟类群落空间生态位和种间关系[J].四川动物,2008,27(2):178-182.[WANG Wei-kui,ZHOU Cai-quan,LONG Shuai,et al.Spatial Niche and Interspecific Relationships of Ardeidae Birds in Nanchong Taihe Little Egret Nature Reserve[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2008,27(2):178-182.]
[5] 周放,房慧伶.两种鹪莺的种间生态位关系研究[J].动物学研究,2000,21(1):52-57.[ZHOU Fang,FANG Hui-ling.On the Interspecific Niche Relationship Between Two Species of Wren Warbler[J].Zoological Research,2000,21(1):52-57.]
[6] MANSOR M S,RAMLI R.Niche Separation in Flycatcher-Like Species in the Lowland Rainforests of Malaysia[J].Behavioural Processes,2017,140:121-126.
[7] DIN N A.Resource Sharing and Niche Overlap in Some Weaver Birds of the Genus Ploceus and Malimbus at Ife,Nigeria[J].African Journal of Ecology,1991,29(1):43-53.
[8] ZOU F S,JONES H,COLORADO Z G J,et al.The Conservation Implications of Mixed-Species Flocking in Terrestrial Birds,a Globally-Distributed Species Interaction Network[J].Biological Conservation,2018,224:267-276.
[9] ZOU F S,CHEN G Z,YANG Q F,et al.Composition of Mixed-Species Flocks and Shifts in Foraging Location of Flocking Species on Hainan Island,China[J].Ibis,2011,153(2):269-278.
[10] 赵正阶.中国鸟类志:下(雀形目)[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001.
[11] 张强.鼎湖山森林演替不同阶段鸟类群落及混合群研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2011.[ZHANG Qiang.Avian Communities and Mixed-Species Bird Flocks Associated With Successional Stands in Subtropical Forest in Dinghushan[D].Beijing:Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Science,2011.]
[12] 徐永福,喻勋林,朱志平.广东郁南同乐大山自然保护区植被类型调查[J].亚热带植物科学,2007,36(4):48-50.[XU Yong-fu,YU Xun-lin,ZHU Zhi-ping.Investigation on Vegetation Types of Tongledashan Nature Reserve in Yunan,Guangdong Province[J].Subtropical Plant Science,2007,36(4):48-50.]
[13] 周放.灰眶雀鹛的繁殖生态研究[J].野生动物,1989,52(6):54-57.[ZHOU Fang.On the Reproductive Ecology of Common Quaker Babbler[J].Chinese Journal of Wildlife,1989,52(6):54-57.]
[14] 蒋德梦,周放,蒋爱伍,等.桂西南石灰岩地区部分鸟类繁殖资料记述[J].动物学杂志,2013,48(4):597-604.[JIANG De-meng,ZHOU Fang,JIANG Ai-wu,et al.Breeding Notes on 18 Bird Species in Limestone Area of Southwestern Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2013,48(4):597-604.]
[15] 戈峰.现代生态学[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2008:332-333.
[16] SCHOENER T W.The Anolis Lizards of Bimini:Resource Partitioning in a Complex Fauna[J].Ecology,1968,49(4):704-726.
[17] SCHOENER T W.Resource Partitioning in Ecological Communities[J].Science,1974,185(4145):27-39.
[18] PIANKA E R.Niche Overlap and Diffuse Competition[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1974,71(5):2141-2145.
[2] LEIBOLD M A.The Niche Concept Revisited:Mechanistic Models and Community Context[J].Ecology,1995,76(5):1371-1382.
[3] LUSH L,WARD A I,WHEELER P.Dietary Niche Partitioning Between Sympatric Brown Hares and Rabbits[J].Journal of Zoology,2017,303(1):36-45.
[4] 王维奎,周材权,龙帅,等.四川南充太和鹭科鸟类群落空间生态位和种间关系[J].四川动物,2008,27(2):178-182.[WANG Wei-kui,ZHOU Cai-quan,LONG Shuai,et al.Spatial Niche and Interspecific Relationships of Ardeidae Birds in Nanchong Taihe Little Egret Nature Reserve[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2008,27(2):178-182.]
[5] 周放,房慧伶.两种鹪莺的种间生态位关系研究[J].动物学研究,2000,21(1):52-57.[ZHOU Fang,FANG Hui-ling.On the Interspecific Niche Relationship Between Two Species of Wren Warbler[J].Zoological Research,2000,21(1):52-57.]
[6] MANSOR M S,RAMLI R.Niche Separation in Flycatcher-Like Species in the Lowland Rainforests of Malaysia[J].Behavioural Processes,2017,140:121-126.
[7] DIN N A.Resource Sharing and Niche Overlap in Some Weaver Birds of the Genus Ploceus and Malimbus at Ife,Nigeria[J].African Journal of Ecology,1991,29(1):43-53.
[8] ZOU F S,JONES H,COLORADO Z G J,et al.The Conservation Implications of Mixed-Species Flocking in Terrestrial Birds,a Globally-Distributed Species Interaction Network[J].Biological Conservation,2018,224:267-276.
[9] ZOU F S,CHEN G Z,YANG Q F,et al.Composition of Mixed-Species Flocks and Shifts in Foraging Location of Flocking Species on Hainan Island,China[J].Ibis,2011,153(2):269-278.
[10] 赵正阶.中国鸟类志:下(雀形目)[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001.
[11] 张强.鼎湖山森林演替不同阶段鸟类群落及混合群研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2011.[ZHANG Qiang.Avian Communities and Mixed-Species Bird Flocks Associated With Successional Stands in Subtropical Forest in Dinghushan[D].Beijing:Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Science,2011.]
[12] 徐永福,喻勋林,朱志平.广东郁南同乐大山自然保护区植被类型调查[J].亚热带植物科学,2007,36(4):48-50.[XU Yong-fu,YU Xun-lin,ZHU Zhi-ping.Investigation on Vegetation Types of Tongledashan Nature Reserve in Yunan,Guangdong Province[J].Subtropical Plant Science,2007,36(4):48-50.]
[13] 周放.灰眶雀鹛的繁殖生态研究[J].野生动物,1989,52(6):54-57.[ZHOU Fang.On the Reproductive Ecology of Common Quaker Babbler[J].Chinese Journal of Wildlife,1989,52(6):54-57.]
[14] 蒋德梦,周放,蒋爱伍,等.桂西南石灰岩地区部分鸟类繁殖资料记述[J].动物学杂志,2013,48(4):597-604.[JIANG De-meng,ZHOU Fang,JIANG Ai-wu,et al.Breeding Notes on 18 Bird Species in Limestone Area of Southwestern Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2013,48(4):597-604.]
[15] 戈峰.现代生态学[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2008:332-333.
[16] SCHOENER T W.The Anolis Lizards of Bimini:Resource Partitioning in a Complex Fauna[J].Ecology,1968,49(4):704-726.
[17] SCHOENER T W.Resource Partitioning in Ecological Communities[J].Science,1974,185(4145):27-39.
[18] PIANKA E R.Niche Overlap and Diffuse Competition[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1974,71(5):2141-2145.