输电线路雷电先导发展三维仿真模型
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摘要
超、特高压线路雷电屏蔽性能的科学评估方法是电力系统防雷研究的前沿课题之一。现有输电线路雷电先导发展模型中上行先导起始未考虑流注空间电荷影响、假设发展速度为恒值,且未考虑杆塔、线路实际三维结构对雷电屏蔽性能的影响。针对上述不足,该文研究建立了考虑流注空间电荷屏蔽作用的输电线路上行先导起始和发展全过程的动态仿真模型,开展了3m棒-板间隙正极性操作冲击放电流注先导转化过程实验观测,对所建立模型进行了验证;基于模拟电荷法建立了雷击输电线路下行先导过程附近空间三维电场并行计算方法。应用文中模型定量计算了典型的特高压同塔双回输电线路雷电上行先导放电特征参数,得出Rizk判据和临界电晕判据不考虑空间电荷的屏蔽作用,将夸大工作电压对上行先导起始的促进作用;现有的雷电先导发展模型假设上行先导与下行先导的速度比为恒值,既不能准确反映上行先导间的竞争关系,也有可能夸大上行先导的引雷能力。
The study of numerical estimation method of lightning shielding performance for extra and ultra high voltage transmission lines is a frontier issue. In the existing leader progression model(LPM), the inhibition effect of streamer discharge space charge on the upward leader initiation was not considered and the velocity of upward leader was assumed to be a constant. Moreover, the impact of the actual three dimensional structure of towers and transmission lines was not considered in those models. In response to these deficiencies, the upward leader inception and continuous propagation model was proposed,which could take into account of the inhibition effect of streamer discharge space charge. The 3m rod-plane gap discharge experiment subjected to positive switching impulse was carried out. Base on the observation data in the streamer to leader transition, the proposed upward leader model was validated. A three dimensional electric field parallel computing method for the transmission lines under thunder cloud and negative downward stepped leader was presented. Combining the upward leader model and three dimensional electric field compute method, a revised three dimensional LPM was established. The characteristics parameters of upward leader initiated from the UHV double circuit transmission line were derived by using this model. It is concluded that the promotion effect of operation voltage on the upward leader inception will be over-estimated by using Rizk criterion and critical corona radius method. The competition effect between upward leaders initiated from difference target can not be considered if the velocity of upward leader is assumed to be constant which may magnify the attraction capability of the upward leader.
The study of numerical estimation method of lightning shielding performance for extra and ultra high voltage transmission lines is a frontier issue. In the existing leader progression model(LPM), the inhibition effect of streamer discharge space charge on the upward leader initiation was not considered and the velocity of upward leader was assumed to be a constant. Moreover, the impact of the actual three dimensional structure of towers and transmission lines was not considered in those models. In response to these deficiencies, the upward leader inception and continuous propagation model was proposed,which could take into account of the inhibition effect of streamer discharge space charge. The 3m rod-plane gap discharge experiment subjected to positive switching impulse was carried out. Base on the observation data in the streamer to leader transition, the proposed upward leader model was validated. A three dimensional electric field parallel computing method for the transmission lines under thunder cloud and negative downward stepped leader was presented. Combining the upward leader model and three dimensional electric field compute method, a revised three dimensional LPM was established. The characteristics parameters of upward leader initiated from the UHV double circuit transmission line were derived by using this model. It is concluded that the promotion effect of operation voltage on the upward leader inception will be over-estimated by using Rizk criterion and critical corona radius method. The competition effect between upward leaders initiated from difference target can not be considered if the velocity of upward leader is assumed to be constant which may magnify the attraction capability of the upward leader.
引文
[1]李培国.国外对特高压输电线路雷击跳闸原因的一个新观点[J].电网技术,2000,24(7):63-65.Li Peiguo.A new viewpoint about lightning trip-out of UHV transmission lines[J].Power System Technology,2000,24(7):63-65(in Chinese).
[2]Takami J,Okabe S.Characteristics of direct lightning strokes to phase conductors of UHV transmission lines[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2007,22(1):537-546.
[3]Armstrong H R,Whitehead E R.Field and analytical studies of transmission line shielding[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and System,1968,87(1):270-282.
[4]Brown G W,Whitehead E R.Field and Analytical Studies of Transmission Lines PartⅡ[J].IEEE Trans.on Power Apparatus and System,1969,88(5):617-626.
[5]Takami J,Okabe S.Characteristics of direct lightning strokes to phase conductors of UHV transmission lines[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2007,22(1):537-546.
[6]Taniguchi S,Tsuboi T,Okabe S.Observation results of lightning shielding for large-scale transmission lines[J].IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2009,16(2):552-559.
[7]陈维江,贺恒鑫,钱冠军,等.基于长间隙放电研究雷电屏蔽问题的进展[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(10):1-12.Chen Weijiang,He Hengxin,Qian Guanjun,et al.Review of the lightning shielding against direct lightning strokes based on laboratory long air gap discharges[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(10):1-12(in Chinese).
[8]陈维江,曾嵘,贺恒鑫.长空气间隙放电研究进展[J].高电压技术,2013,39(6):1281-1295.Chen Weijiang,Zeng Rong,He Hengxin.Research progress of long air gap discharges[J].High Voltage Engineering,2013,39(6):1281-1295(in Chinese).
[9]Eriksson A J.The incidence of lightning strikes to power line[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1987,2(3):861-870.
[10]Dellera L,Garbagnati E.Lightning stroke simulation by means of the leader progression model Part I:description of the model and evaluation of exposure of free-standing structures[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):2009-2017.
[11]Dellera L,Garbagnati E.Lightning stroke simulation by means of the leader progression model Part II:Exposure and shielding failure evaluation of overhead lines with assessment of application graphs[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):2023-2029.
[12]Rizk F A M.Modeling of transmission line exposure to direct lighting strokes[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):1983-1997.
[13]钱冠军,王晓瑜,汪雁,等.输电线路雷击仿真模型[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(8):39-44.Qian Guanjun,Wang Xiayu,Wang Yan,et al.Lightning simulation model of transmission line[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,1999,19(8):39-44(in Chinese).
[14]He Jingiang,Tu Youping,Zeng Rong,et al.Numeral analysis model for shielding failure of transmission line under lightning stroke[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):815-822.
[15]曾嵘,耿屹楠,李雨,等.高压输电线路先导发展绕击分析模型研究[J].高电压技术,2008,34(10):2041-2046.Zeng Rong,Geng Yinan,Li Yu.Lightning shielding failure model of transmission line based on leader progress model[J].High Voltage Engineering,2008,34(10):2041-2046(in Chinese).
[16]魏本钢,傅正财,袁海燕,等.改进先导传播模型法500 k V架空线路雷电绕击分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(25):25-29.Wei Bengang,Fu Zhengcai,Yuan Haiyan,et al.Analysis of lightning shielding failure for 500 k V overhead transmission lines based on improved leader progression model[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(25):25-29(in Chinese).
[17]杨庆,司马文霞,冯杰,等.云广特高压直流输电线路雷电屏蔽性能研究[J].高电压技术,2008,34(3):442-446.Yang Qing,Sima Wenxia,Feng Jie,et al.Research on the lightning shielding performance of the Yun-Guang UHVDC transmission lines[J].High Voltage Engineering,2008,34(3):442-446(in Chinese).
[18]贺恒鑫,何俊佳,钱冠军,等.特高压交流输电线路的雷电屏蔽分析模型[J].高电压技术,2010,36(1):196-204.He Hengxin,He Junjia,Qian Guanjun,et al.Study on the lightning shielding analysis model of UHVAC overhead transmission line[J].High Voltage Engineering,2010,36(1):196-204(in Chinese).
[19]Carrara G,Thione L.Switching surge strength of large air gaps:a physical approach[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems,1976,95(2):512-524.
[20]Rizk F A M.Switching impulse strength of air insulation:leader inception criterion[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1989,4(4):2187-2194.
[21]Vahidi B,Yahyaabadi M,Tavakoli M R B,et al.Leader progression analysis model for shielding failure computation by using the charge simulation method[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2008,23(4):2201-2206.
[22]Gallimberti I.The mechanism of the long spark formation[J].Journal of Physics:Colloques,1979,40(C7):193-250.
[23]Goelian N,Lalande P,Bondiou A,et al.A simplified model for the simulation of positive-spark development in long air gaps[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1997,30(27):2441-2452.
[24]Becerra M,Cooray V.A simplified physical model to determine the lighting upward connecting leader inception[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2006,21(2):897-908.
[25]谢施君,何俊佳,陈维江,等.避雷针迎面先导发展物理过程仿真研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(10):32-39.Xie Shijun,He Junjia,Chen Weijiang,et al.Simulation study on the development process of the upward leader incepted from lightning rod[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(10):32-39(in Chinese).
[26]Becerra M,Cooray V.Time dependent evaluation of the lightning upward connecting leader inception[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2006,39(21):4695-4702.
[27]Lee B Y,Park J K,Myung S H,et al.An effective modelling method to analyze the electric field around transmission lines and substations using a generalized finite line charge[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1997,12(3):1143-1150.
[28]Cooray V,Rakov V,Theethayi N.The lightning strike distance—revisited[J].Journal of Electrostatics,2007,65(5):296-306.
[29]陈国良.并行计算[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:144-156.Chen Guoliang.Parallel computing[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006:144-156(in Chinese).
[2]Takami J,Okabe S.Characteristics of direct lightning strokes to phase conductors of UHV transmission lines[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2007,22(1):537-546.
[3]Armstrong H R,Whitehead E R.Field and analytical studies of transmission line shielding[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and System,1968,87(1):270-282.
[4]Brown G W,Whitehead E R.Field and Analytical Studies of Transmission Lines PartⅡ[J].IEEE Trans.on Power Apparatus and System,1969,88(5):617-626.
[5]Takami J,Okabe S.Characteristics of direct lightning strokes to phase conductors of UHV transmission lines[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2007,22(1):537-546.
[6]Taniguchi S,Tsuboi T,Okabe S.Observation results of lightning shielding for large-scale transmission lines[J].IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2009,16(2):552-559.
[7]陈维江,贺恒鑫,钱冠军,等.基于长间隙放电研究雷电屏蔽问题的进展[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(10):1-12.Chen Weijiang,He Hengxin,Qian Guanjun,et al.Review of the lightning shielding against direct lightning strokes based on laboratory long air gap discharges[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(10):1-12(in Chinese).
[8]陈维江,曾嵘,贺恒鑫.长空气间隙放电研究进展[J].高电压技术,2013,39(6):1281-1295.Chen Weijiang,Zeng Rong,He Hengxin.Research progress of long air gap discharges[J].High Voltage Engineering,2013,39(6):1281-1295(in Chinese).
[9]Eriksson A J.The incidence of lightning strikes to power line[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1987,2(3):861-870.
[10]Dellera L,Garbagnati E.Lightning stroke simulation by means of the leader progression model Part I:description of the model and evaluation of exposure of free-standing structures[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):2009-2017.
[11]Dellera L,Garbagnati E.Lightning stroke simulation by means of the leader progression model Part II:Exposure and shielding failure evaluation of overhead lines with assessment of application graphs[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):2023-2029.
[12]Rizk F A M.Modeling of transmission line exposure to direct lighting strokes[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):1983-1997.
[13]钱冠军,王晓瑜,汪雁,等.输电线路雷击仿真模型[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(8):39-44.Qian Guanjun,Wang Xiayu,Wang Yan,et al.Lightning simulation model of transmission line[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,1999,19(8):39-44(in Chinese).
[14]He Jingiang,Tu Youping,Zeng Rong,et al.Numeral analysis model for shielding failure of transmission line under lightning stroke[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):815-822.
[15]曾嵘,耿屹楠,李雨,等.高压输电线路先导发展绕击分析模型研究[J].高电压技术,2008,34(10):2041-2046.Zeng Rong,Geng Yinan,Li Yu.Lightning shielding failure model of transmission line based on leader progress model[J].High Voltage Engineering,2008,34(10):2041-2046(in Chinese).
[16]魏本钢,傅正财,袁海燕,等.改进先导传播模型法500 k V架空线路雷电绕击分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(25):25-29.Wei Bengang,Fu Zhengcai,Yuan Haiyan,et al.Analysis of lightning shielding failure for 500 k V overhead transmission lines based on improved leader progression model[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(25):25-29(in Chinese).
[17]杨庆,司马文霞,冯杰,等.云广特高压直流输电线路雷电屏蔽性能研究[J].高电压技术,2008,34(3):442-446.Yang Qing,Sima Wenxia,Feng Jie,et al.Research on the lightning shielding performance of the Yun-Guang UHVDC transmission lines[J].High Voltage Engineering,2008,34(3):442-446(in Chinese).
[18]贺恒鑫,何俊佳,钱冠军,等.特高压交流输电线路的雷电屏蔽分析模型[J].高电压技术,2010,36(1):196-204.He Hengxin,He Junjia,Qian Guanjun,et al.Study on the lightning shielding analysis model of UHVAC overhead transmission line[J].High Voltage Engineering,2010,36(1):196-204(in Chinese).
[19]Carrara G,Thione L.Switching surge strength of large air gaps:a physical approach[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems,1976,95(2):512-524.
[20]Rizk F A M.Switching impulse strength of air insulation:leader inception criterion[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1989,4(4):2187-2194.
[21]Vahidi B,Yahyaabadi M,Tavakoli M R B,et al.Leader progression analysis model for shielding failure computation by using the charge simulation method[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2008,23(4):2201-2206.
[22]Gallimberti I.The mechanism of the long spark formation[J].Journal of Physics:Colloques,1979,40(C7):193-250.
[23]Goelian N,Lalande P,Bondiou A,et al.A simplified model for the simulation of positive-spark development in long air gaps[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1997,30(27):2441-2452.
[24]Becerra M,Cooray V.A simplified physical model to determine the lighting upward connecting leader inception[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,2006,21(2):897-908.
[25]谢施君,何俊佳,陈维江,等.避雷针迎面先导发展物理过程仿真研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(10):32-39.Xie Shijun,He Junjia,Chen Weijiang,et al.Simulation study on the development process of the upward leader incepted from lightning rod[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(10):32-39(in Chinese).
[26]Becerra M,Cooray V.Time dependent evaluation of the lightning upward connecting leader inception[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2006,39(21):4695-4702.
[27]Lee B Y,Park J K,Myung S H,et al.An effective modelling method to analyze the electric field around transmission lines and substations using a generalized finite line charge[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1997,12(3):1143-1150.
[28]Cooray V,Rakov V,Theethayi N.The lightning strike distance—revisited[J].Journal of Electrostatics,2007,65(5):296-306.
[29]陈国良.并行计算[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:144-156.Chen Guoliang.Parallel computing[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006:144-156(in Chinese).