甲型肝炎病毒免疫控制研究进展
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摘要
对甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)发病机理和免疫调控的研究近年来重新受到关注。在发展中国家感染者的平均年龄增加,导致机制尚不明确的更严重的肝炎。而且,从HAV和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的免疫对比来看,这两种正链RNA病毒感染结果完全不同。HCV比HAV复制效率低,导致HCV蛋白表达量低,因此对IFN信号传导的拮抗作用较低。有研究发现循环的HAV病毒颗粒隐藏在膜里,导致先天免疫和抗体介导中和作用的激活。同时还考虑到CD4~+辅助T细胞对CD8~+细胞毒性T细胞对抗病毒免疫和肝损伤的作用,提出了一种非细胞毒性的HAV感染免疫控制模型。
Despite the limited progress made in the past two to three decades,researches on the pathogenesis and immune regulation of Hepatitis A virus(HAV)have received renewed attention.From a public health point of view,the average age of infections in developing countries has increased,resulting in more severe hepatitis that mechanism is not clear.Furthermore,from the immunological comparison of HAV and hepatitis C virus(HCV),the results of these two positive-stranded RNA virus infections are quite different.HCV has a lower replication efficiency than HAV,resulting in low HCV protein expression and therefore low antagonism of IFN signaling.Studies have found that circulating HAV particles hidden in the membrane lead to innate immunity and antibody-mediated neutralization.The effect of CD4~+helper cells on antiviral immunity and liver injury by CD8~+cytotoxic T cells were also considered,and a non-cytotoxic immune control model of HAV infection was also proposed.
Despite the limited progress made in the past two to three decades,researches on the pathogenesis and immune regulation of Hepatitis A virus(HAV)have received renewed attention.From a public health point of view,the average age of infections in developing countries has increased,resulting in more severe hepatitis that mechanism is not clear.Furthermore,from the immunological comparison of HAV and hepatitis C virus(HCV),the results of these two positive-stranded RNA virus infections are quite different.HCV has a lower replication efficiency than HAV,resulting in low HCV protein expression and therefore low antagonism of IFN signaling.Studies have found that circulating HAV particles hidden in the membrane lead to innate immunity and antibody-mediated neutralization.The effect of CD4~+helper cells on antiviral immunity and liver injury by CD8~+cytotoxic T cells were also considered,and a non-cytotoxic immune control model of HAV infection was also proposed.
引文
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[3]Wang X X,Ren J S,Gao Q,et al.Hepatitis A virus and the origins of picornaviruses[J].Nature,2015,517(7532):85-88.
[4]Singh N K,Tyagi A,Kaur R,et al.Characterization of codon usage pattern and influencing factors in Japanese encephalitis virus[J].Virus Res,2016,221:58-65.
[5]Feng Z D,Lucinda H,McKnight Kevin L et al.A pathogenic picornavirus acquires an envelope by hijacking cellular membranes[J].Nature,2013,496(7445):367-371.
[6]Xiang K,Kusov Y,Ying G,et al.A Recombinant HAV expressing a neutralization epitope of HEV induces immune response against HAV and HEV in mice[J].Viruses,2017,9(9):260.
[7]Hirai-Yuki A,Hensley L,Whitmire J K,et al.Biliary secretion of quasi-enveloped human hepatitis A virus[J].MBio,2016,7(6):e01998-16.
[8]J9rg V,Sundquist Wesley I.Virus budding and the ESCRT pathway[J].Cell Host Microbe,2013,14(3):232-241.
[9]Kowal J,Arras G,Colombo M,et al.Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes[J].Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2016,113(8):E968-E977.
[10]Boyer James L.Bile formation and secretion.[J].Compr Physiol,2013,3(3):1035-1078.
[11]Oliver G,Katharina E N,Anna R,et al.DDX60Lis an interferon-stimulated gene product restricting hepatitis C virus replication in cell culture[J].J Virol,2015,89(20):10548-10568.
[12]Yap M S,Tang Y Q,Yeo Y,et al.Pluripotent human embryonic stem cell derived neural lineages for in vitro modelling of enterovirus 71infection and therapy[J].Virol J,2016,13(1):5.
[13]Mcfarland A P,Horner S M,Jarret A,et al.The favorable IFNL3genotype escapes mRNA decay mediated by AU-rich elements and hepatitis C virus-induced microRNAs[J].Nat Immunol,2014,15(1):72.
[14]Zhou J,Wang D,Xi Y,et al.Assessing activity of hepatitis A virus 3Cprotease using a cyclized luciferase-based biosensor[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2017,488(4):621-627.
[15]Mihm S.Activation of typeⅠand TypeⅢinterferons in chronic hepatitis C[J].J Innate Immunity,2015,7(3):251-259.
[16]吕建军,段大鑫,蒋帅,等.体外转录信使RNA免疫疗法的研究进展[J].细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2016(1):129-132.
[17]Feng Z,Li Y,Mcknight K L,et al.Human pDCs preferentially sense enveloped hepatitis A virions.[J].J Clin Invest,2015,125(1):169-76.
[18]Burns G W,Brooks K E,Spencer T E.Extracellular vesicles originate from the conceptus and uterus during early pregnancy in sheep[J].Biol Reprod,2016,94(3):1-11.
[19]Yamane D,Lemon S M.Lipid Peroxidation and Hepatitis C Virus Replication[M]//Hepatitis C VirusⅠ.Springer,Tokyo,2016:235-253.
[20]Furman D,Hejblum B P,Simon N,et al.Systems analysis of sex differences reveals an immunosuppressive role for testosterone in the response to influenza vaccination[J].Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2014,111(2):869-874.
[21]Maier K,Gabriel P,Koscielniak E,et al.Human gamma interferon production by cytotoxic T lymphocytes sensitized during hepatitis A virus infection[J].J Virol,1988,62(10):3756-3763.
[22]Fleischer B,Fleischer S,Maier K,et al.Clonal analysis of infiltrating T lymphocytes in liver tissue in viral hepatitis A[J].Immunology,1990,69(1):14-19.
[23]Misumi I,Alirezaei M,Eam B,et al.Differential T cell responses to residual viral antigen prolong CD4+T cell contraction following the resolution of infection.[J].J Immunol,2013,191(11):5655-5668.
[24]Cho H,Kang H,Kim C W,et al.Phenotypic characteristics of PD-1and CTLA-4expression in symptomatic acute hepatitis A[J].Gut and Liver,2016,10(2):288.
[25]Misumi I,Alirezaei M,Eam B,et al.Differential T cell responses to residual viral antigen prolong CD4+T cell contraction following the resolution of infection[J].J Immunol,2013,191(11):5655.