四倍体谷子细胞学鉴定及不同倍性谷子孕穗期光合因子日响应差异分析
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摘要
从形态学方面对谷子栽培种晋谷21号及其四倍体诱变株系进行了比较并从细胞学和解剖学两方面对四倍体株系进行了倍性鉴定。在此基础上,笔者从谷子生理生化表观特征差异作为切入点,研究了不同倍性谷子孕穗期叶片中叶绿素及氮含量差异及各自光合因子日响应特性。结果表明:相较其二倍体对照株,四倍体谷子旗叶宽度增加6.11%,叶形指数由11.82减小到9.25,主茎直径增加13.04%,主穗直径减小5.39%,千粒重增加46.16%,旗叶长度减小17.01%,主茎长度减小23.29%,主穗长度减小5.45,单株主穗重减小24.42%,主穗粒重减小62.47%,结实率减小46.66%。显微扫描结果证明,四倍体谷子花药增大,花粉粒增大、部分干瘪,子房多数呈椭球状,柱头皱缩,不育或不实,生育期延长,种子萌发率低,孕穗期谷子氮吸收和同化能力减弱,叶绿素合成量减少。相较其同源四倍体,在光量子通量密度一定的前提下二倍体谷子外部微环境及其自身相关各光合因子彼此间效应与互作更为敏感。四倍体不育程度高,灌浆不充分,同化产物"库"-"源"失衡是谷子同源四倍体谷子孕穗期净光合速率较低的主要内因。四倍体谷子的表型及相关生理机制的变化是基因组组分之间以及核质基因组之间相容性水平的体现,并存在选择压力下的再平衡过程。
Data of phenotype and cytology were collected from 2013 to 2015,including data of photosynthetic factor. Cultivar of Jingu 21 and its autotetraploid were materials of this experiment. We compared them by morphological observation,and ploidy examination was from cytological observation. On the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics,the experiments studied about photosynthetic factor response for diurnal variation of different ploidy. It turned out that: compared with millet of diploid,tetraploid increased leaf width by 6. 11%,decreased index of leaf shape from 11. 82 to 9. 25,increased length of diameter of main stem by 13. 04%,decreased length of diameter of main panicle by 5. 39%,increased thousand seed weight by 46. 16%,decreased leaf length by 17. 01%,decreased length of main stem length by 23. 29%,decreased length of main panicle length by 5. 45%,decreased panicle weight by 24. 42%,decreased grain weight per panicle by 62. 47%,decreased fruiting rate by 46. 66%. The results of microscopy scanning showed that tetraploids had long growth period,globular ovaries,crenated stigmas,big pollen,some of which were wizened. In addition to these,their seeds had low germination percentage,and their synthetic amounts of chlorophyll and N were decreased at booting stage. Compared with its tetraploid,photosynthesis factors of diploid affect each other were more sensitive. Unbalance of sink and source was main impact factor to low photosynthetic rate of autotetraploid of induced strains at booting stage. Phenotype of tetraploid was the embodiment of interaction between different genomes,and there must be a rebalancing in its evolution.
Data of phenotype and cytology were collected from 2013 to 2015,including data of photosynthetic factor. Cultivar of Jingu 21 and its autotetraploid were materials of this experiment. We compared them by morphological observation,and ploidy examination was from cytological observation. On the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics,the experiments studied about photosynthetic factor response for diurnal variation of different ploidy. It turned out that: compared with millet of diploid,tetraploid increased leaf width by 6. 11%,decreased index of leaf shape from 11. 82 to 9. 25,increased length of diameter of main stem by 13. 04%,decreased length of diameter of main panicle by 5. 39%,increased thousand seed weight by 46. 16%,decreased leaf length by 17. 01%,decreased length of main stem length by 23. 29%,decreased length of main panicle length by 5. 45%,decreased panicle weight by 24. 42%,decreased grain weight per panicle by 62. 47%,decreased fruiting rate by 46. 66%. The results of microscopy scanning showed that tetraploids had long growth period,globular ovaries,crenated stigmas,big pollen,some of which were wizened. In addition to these,their seeds had low germination percentage,and their synthetic amounts of chlorophyll and N were decreased at booting stage. Compared with its tetraploid,photosynthesis factors of diploid affect each other were more sensitive. Unbalance of sink and source was main impact factor to low photosynthetic rate of autotetraploid of induced strains at booting stage. Phenotype of tetraploid was the embodiment of interaction between different genomes,and there must be a rebalancing in its evolution.
引文
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[26]程金水.园林植物遗传育种学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002:170-174
[27]刘小莉,刘飞虎.花卉育种技术研究进展[J].亚热带植物科学,2003,32(2):64-68
[28]庄文庆.药用植物育种学[M].北京:农业出版社,1993:103-110
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[2]杨继.植物多倍体基因组的形成与进化[J].植物分类学报,2001,35(4):357-371
[3]梁凤山.同源四倍体高粱与约翰逊草种间杂种优势利用研究[J].华北农学报,2000,15(2):1-5
[4]鲍文奎.高产四倍体水稻无性系[J].中国农业科学,1985,18(6):64-66
[5]韩同文.玉米加倍及不同倍性玉米与四倍体多年生类玉米远缘杂交对基因组DNA甲基化的影响[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2013
[6]刘爱华,王建波.序列消除与异源多倍体植物基因组的进化[J].武汉植物学研究,2004,22(2):158-162
[7]Ahanchede A,Poirier-Hamon S,Darmency H.Why no tetraploid cultivar of foxtail millet[J].Genet Resour Crop Evol,2004,51(3):227-230
[8]Dujardin M,Hanna W W.Fertility improvement in tetraploid pearl millet[J].Euphytica,1989,42(3):285-289
[9]Benabdelmouna A,Shi Y,Abirached-Darmency M,et al.Genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)discrimi nates between the A and the B genomes in diploid and tetraploid Setaria species[J].Genome,2001,44(44):685-690
[10]Wang R,Gao J,Liang G H.Identification of primary trisomics and other aneuploids in foxtail millet[J].Plant Breeding,2010,118(1):59-62
[11]Darmency H,Ouin C,Pernes J.Breeding foxtail millet(Setaria italica)for quantitative traits after interspecific hybridization and polyploidization[J].Genome,1987,29(3):453-456
[12]Dewey D R.Some applications and misapplications of induced polyploidy to plant breeding[J].Basic Life Sci,1980,13(13):445-470
[13]Leitch A R,Leitch I J.Genomic plasticity and the diversity of polyploid plants[J].Science,2008,320:481-483
[14]Ni Z,Kim E D,Ha M,et al.Altered circadian rhythms regulate growth vigour in hybrids and allopolyploids[J].Nature,2009,457:327-331
[15]Rozema J,Flowers T.Ecology crops for a salinized world[J].Science,2008,322(5907):1478-1480
[16]Ishitani M,Arakawa K,Takebe T.Mechanisms of salinity tolerance in plants[J].Plant Physiol,1988,87(3):547-550
[17]Kalaji H M,Bosa K K,Oscielniak J,et al.Effects of salt stress on photosystem II efficiency and CO2assimilation of two Syrian barley landraces[J].Environ Exp Bot,2011,73(1):64-72
[18]Kudoh H,Sonoike K.Irreversible damage to photosystem I by chilling in the light:Cause of the degradation of chlorophyll after returning to normal growth temperature[J].Planta,2002,215(4):541-548
[19]Yan K,Chen P,Shao H,et al.Responses of photosynthesis and photosystemⅡto higher temperature and salt stress in sorghum[J].J Agron Crop Sci,2012,198(3):218-226
[20]Oukarrouma A,Bussottib F,Goltsevc V,et al.Correlation between reactive oxygen species production and photochemistry of photosystemsⅠandⅡin Lemna gibba L.plants under salt stress[J].Environ Exp Bot,2015,109:80-88
[21]满为群,杜维广,张桂茹,等.高光效大豆品种光合作用的日变化[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(7):860-862
[22]廖建雄,王根轩.谷子叶片光合速率日变化及水分利用效率[J].植物生理学报,1999,25(4):362-368
[23]张治安,李亚东,徐晨,等.4种不同类型越桔叶片光合作用温度特性的比较研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1999,21(4):16-19
[24]李亚东,张治安,吴林.红豆越桔光合作用特性的研究[J].园艺学报,1996,23(1):86-88
[25]徐克章,王英典,徐惠风,等.高粱叶片光合作用特性的研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1999,21(3):1-6
[26]程金水.园林植物遗传育种学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002:170-174
[27]刘小莉,刘飞虎.花卉育种技术研究进展[J].亚热带植物科学,2003,32(2):64-68
[28]庄文庆.药用植物育种学[M].北京:农业出版社,1993:103-110
[29]Wendel J F.Genome evolution in ployploids[J].Plant Mol Biol,2000,42:225-249
[30]Pickett F B,Meeks-Wagner D R.Seeing double:appreciating genetic redundancy[J].Plant Cell,1995,7(9):1347-1356
[31]Stephens S G.Possible significance of duplication in evolution[J].Adv Gene,1951,4:247-265