播种方式和灌水量对春小麦干物质和产量的影响
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摘要
为筛选与新疆春小麦匀播技术配套的适宜灌水量,以春小麦品种新春34号为材料,进行二因素盆栽试验,设置匀播(U)和条播(D)2种播种方式,以及W_(75)(拔节水)、W_(150)(拔节水+扬花水)、W_(225)(拔节水+扬花水+灌浆水)和W_(300)(起身水+拔节水+扬花水+灌浆水)4个不同灌溉水平(每次灌水量75 mm),研究了播种方式和灌水量对春小麦干物质和产量的影响。结果表明,与常规条播相比,匀播促进了小麦出苗20 d后的分蘖,增加了有效分蘖,其中W_(75)、W_(150)、W_(225)和W_(300)条件下,匀播小麦的穗数分别提高25.62%、41.79%、43.39%、46.10%,分蘖成穗率分别提高20.15%、30.15%、30.68%、33.63%;匀播提高了小麦旗叶、倒二叶的SPAD值,延缓了叶片衰老,增强了群体生育后期的光合作用,且匀播方式下增大灌水量更有利于延长小麦叶片的功能期;匀播促进了小麦营养器官干物质的积累及其在花后向籽粒中的转运,有利于产量形成;在W_(75)、W_(150)、W_(225)、W_(300)条件下,匀播小麦产量较条播分别提高2.76%、4.41%、3.77%和3.42%,两种播种方式下W_(225)处理产量均最大。因此,匀播方式下W_(225)灌水模式最有利于春小麦生长发育和高产。
In order to screening the proper irrigation amount of spring wheat under uniform sowing,a pot experiment with two-factor randomized block design was conducted to study the effects of sowing patterns and irrigation amount on dry matter and yield of spring wheat with spring wheat variety Xinchun 34 as experimental material. There were two treatments in seeding pattern:uniform sowing(U) and drilling(D). The irrigation amount was treated with W_(75)(jointing water),W_(150)(jointing water + flowering water),W_(225)(jointing water + flowering water + grouting water) and W_(300)(rising water + jointing water + flowering water + grouting water),with 75 mm water each time. The results showed that,the uniform sowing method promoted the tillering of wheat after 20 days of emergence and increased the effective tillering compared with the conventional seeding pattern. Among them,under the treatments of W_(75),W_(150),W_(225) and W_(300),the number of harvested wheat ears were increased by 25.62%,41.79%,43.39% and 46.10%,the tillering rate was increased by 20.15%,30.15%, 30.68% and 33.63%,respectively; the sowing method prolonged the senescence of wheat leaves,increased the SPAD value of the flag and penultimate leaves of the plants,and enhanced the photosynthesis in the late growth stage of the group and the increase of irrigation amount in the uniform pattern are more conducive to prolonging the senescence of the leaves of wheat plants. The study also showed that the uniform sowing method improved the dry matter accumulation of the vegetative organs of wheat and promoted the dry matter of vegetative organs. The transport in the grain further increased the yield. Among them,under the treatment of W_(75),W_(150),W_(225) and W_(300),wheat yield under the uniform sowing was increased by 2.76%,4.41%,3.77% and 3.42%,respectively,and the W_(225) treatment reached the maximum under the two seeding patterns. Therefore,it is beneficial to improve the dry matter accumulation,distribution and translocation of spring wheat under the condition of uniform sowing and seeding with irrigation amount of W_(225).
In order to screening the proper irrigation amount of spring wheat under uniform sowing,a pot experiment with two-factor randomized block design was conducted to study the effects of sowing patterns and irrigation amount on dry matter and yield of spring wheat with spring wheat variety Xinchun 34 as experimental material. There were two treatments in seeding pattern:uniform sowing(U) and drilling(D). The irrigation amount was treated with W_(75)(jointing water),W_(150)(jointing water + flowering water),W_(225)(jointing water + flowering water + grouting water) and W_(300)(rising water + jointing water + flowering water + grouting water),with 75 mm water each time. The results showed that,the uniform sowing method promoted the tillering of wheat after 20 days of emergence and increased the effective tillering compared with the conventional seeding pattern. Among them,under the treatments of W_(75),W_(150),W_(225) and W_(300),the number of harvested wheat ears were increased by 25.62%,41.79%,43.39% and 46.10%,the tillering rate was increased by 20.15%,30.15%, 30.68% and 33.63%,respectively; the sowing method prolonged the senescence of wheat leaves,increased the SPAD value of the flag and penultimate leaves of the plants,and enhanced the photosynthesis in the late growth stage of the group and the increase of irrigation amount in the uniform pattern are more conducive to prolonging the senescence of the leaves of wheat plants. The study also showed that the uniform sowing method improved the dry matter accumulation of the vegetative organs of wheat and promoted the dry matter of vegetative organs. The transport in the grain further increased the yield. Among them,under the treatment of W_(75),W_(150),W_(225) and W_(300),wheat yield under the uniform sowing was increased by 2.76%,4.41%,3.77% and 3.42%,respectively,and the W_(225) treatment reached the maximum under the two seeding patterns. Therefore,it is beneficial to improve the dry matter accumulation,distribution and translocation of spring wheat under the condition of uniform sowing and seeding with irrigation amount of W_(225).
引文
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[2]郝德有,郝志青.小麦机械化匀播无垄栽培理论与技术 [J].北京农业,2014(21):16.HAO D Y,HAO Z Q.Mechanized wheat sowing without ridge cultivation theory and technology [J].Beijing Agricultural,2014(21):16.
[3]张幸温,付桂明,刘松华,等.浅谈小麦精量匀播技术 [J].河北农机,2015(6):25.ZHANG X W,FU G M,LIU S H,et al.Introduction to wheat precise seeding technology [J].Hebei Agricultural Machinery,2015(6):25.
[4]李娜娜,田奇卓,王树亮,等.两种类型小麦品种分蘖成穗对群体环境的响应与调控[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(3):289.LI N N,TIAN Q Z,WANG S L,et al.Response and regulation of tillering to population environment in two wheat varieties [J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(3):289.
[5]王晨阳,马冬云,郭天财,等.不同水、氮处理对小麦淀粉组成及特性的影响[J].作物学报,2004,30(8):843.WANG C Y,MA D Y,GUO T C,et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on starch composition and properties of wheat [J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2004,30(8):843.
[6]康玲玲,魏义长,张景略.水肥条件对冬小麦生理特性及产量影响的试验研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,1998,16(4):24.KANG L L,WEI Y C,ZHANG J L.Experimental study on effects of water and fertilizer conditions on physiological characteristics and yield of winter wheat [J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1998,16(4):24.
[7]王振华,郑旭荣,姜国军.不同灌水量对滴灌春小麦生长与生理指标的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(3):538.WANG Z H,ZHENG X R,JIANG G J.Effects of different irrigation amount on growth and physiological indexes of spring wheat in drip irrigation [J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2015,29(3):538.
[8]NIELSEN D C,VIGIL M F.Legume green fallow effect on soil water content at wheat planting and wheat yield [J].Agronomy Journal,2005,97:684.
[9]STONE L R,SCHLEGEL A J.Yield-water supply relationships of grain sorghum and winter wheat [J].Agronomy Journal,2006,98:1359.
[10]冯波,王新武,苏豫梅,等.不同滴灌处理对春小麦土壤耗水量、生长及产量的影响[J].新疆农垦科技,2012,35(7):49.FENG B,WANG X W,SU Y M,et al.Effects of drip irrigation on soil water consumption,growth and yield of spring wheat [J].Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation Science & Technology,2012,35(7):49.
[11]郑成岩,于振文,马兴华,等.高产小麦耗水特性及干物质的积累与分配[J].作物学报,2008,34(8):1450.ZHENG C Y,YU Z W,MA X H,et al.Characteristics of water consumption and accumulation and distribution of dry matter in high yield wheat [J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(8):1450.
[12]白海波,吕学莲,惠建,等.灌水量对宁夏春小麦光合特性及产量构成因素的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(34):9.BAI H B,LU X L,HUI J,et al.Effects of irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of spring wheat in Ningxia [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(34):9.
[13]陈雅欢,刘盼,石书兵.不同种植方式对滴灌冬小麦生长及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科技,2016(1):24.CHEN Y H,LIU P,SHI S B.Effects of different planting methods on growth and yield of winter wheat under drip irrigation [J].Xinjiang Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(1):24.
[14]杨金娟,何芳芳,杨占喜,等.利通区春小麦不同种植方式对产量的影响研究[J].宁夏农林科技,2017,58(11):15.YANG J J,HE F F,YANG Z X,et al.Study on the effect of different planting methods on yield of spring wheat in Litong District [J].Ningxia Agroforestry Science and Technology,2017,58(11):15.
[15]李东振.小麦新型高产高效机械化播种技术的初步试验研究[J].农业机械,2017(9):94.LI D Z.Preliminary experimental study on new high yield and high efficiency mechanized sowing technology of wheat [J].Agricultural Machinery,2017(9):94.
[16]王克全,何新林,王振华,等.不同灌水处理对滴灌春小麦生长及产量的影响研究[J].节水灌溉,2010(9):41.WANG K Q,HE X L,WANG Z H,et al.Effects of different irrigation treatments on growth and yield of spring wheat in drip irrigation [J].Water Saving Irrigation Water Saving Irrigation,2010(9):41.
[17]王冀川,高山,徐雅丽,等.新疆小麦滴灌技术的应用与存在问题[J].节水灌溉,2011(9):25.WANG J C,GAO S,XU Y L,et al.Application and existing problems of drip irrigation technique for wheat in Xinjiang [J].Water Saving Irrigation,2011(9):25.
[18]王义芹,杨兴洪,李滨,等.小麦叶面积及光合速率与产量关系的研究[J].华北农学报,2008,23(S2):10.WANG Y Q,YANG X H,LI B,et al.Studies on the relationship between leaf area,photosynthetic rate and yield of wheat [J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(S2):105.
[19]DHUGGA K S,WAINES J G.Analysis of nitrogen accumulation and use in bread and durum wheat [J].Crop Science,1989,29:1232.
[20]WITT C,DOBERMANN A,ABDULRACHMAN S,et al.Internal nutrient efficiencies of irrigated lowland rice in tropical and subtropical asia [J].Field Crops Research,1999,63:113.
[21]王月福,于振文,李尚霞,等.氮素营养水平对小麦开花后碳素同化、运转和产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2002,22(2):55.WANG Y F,YU Z W,LI S X,et al.Effect of nitrogen nutrition on carbon assimilation and transfer and yield after wheat anthesis [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2002,22(2):55.
[22]蔡铁.小麦分蘖发生调控及构建合理群体结构的化控途径[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2013:1-3.CAI T.Regulation of tillering and chemical control of reasonable population structure in wheat [D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2013:1-3.
[23]古笛.提高小麦分蘖成穗率的关键技术[J].农家顾问,2007(12):25.GU D.Key techniques to increase the rate of tillering and ear formation in wheat [J].Farmer’s Consultant,2007(12):25.
[24]张永江,王文新,徐燕,等.小麦分蘖及成穗特性研究[J].现代农业科技,2008(24):168.ZHANG Y J,WANG W X,XU Y,et al.Studies on the characteristics of tillering and ear formation in wheat [J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2008(24):168.
[25]徐大胜,彭素琼.小麦分蘖成穗对产量的影响研究[J].西南农业学报,2010,23(4):1055.XU D S,PENG S Q.Study on the effect of tillering and ear formation on yield of wheat [J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2010,23(4):1055.
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