牛黄及其代用品化学成分、分析方法和药理作用研究进展
|
摘要
中药牛黄药用历史悠久,但药源匮乏。为了满足临床用药的需要,目前将人工牛黄、培植牛黄、体外培育牛黄作为牛黄代用品。本文对牛黄及其代用品的化学成分、定性分析、定量分析以及药理作用等方面进行了系统的综述。其中,定性分析方法包括性状鉴别、显微鉴别、理化鉴别等方法,定量分析方面详细阐述牛黄及其代用品的主要活性成分胆红素、胆酸、氨基酸及无机元素含量测定方法,药理作用方面系统阐述牛黄及其代用品对中枢神经系统、心血管及血液循环系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、免疫系统的影响以及抗炎和抗氧化作用,以期为牛黄及其代用品的药效物质基础阐明、质量标准提高和临床应用研究提供依据。
Cow-bezoar,a traditional Chinese medicinal medicine,has been commonly used for a long history.In order to satisfy the demand of clinical medication,artificial cow-bezoar,cultured cow-bezoar,in vitro cultured Calculus Bovis are used as the substitution of cow-bezoar at present.In this paper,the chemical constituents,qualitative and quantitative analysis methods and pharmacological effects of calculus bovis and their substitutes were systematically reviewed.The qualitative analysis methods included the methods of character identification,microscopic identification,physical and chemical identification.Quantitative methods including the determination methods of bilirubin,cholic acid,amino acids and inorganic elements in cow-bezoar and its substitutes were described in detail.The pharmacological effects of cow-bezoar and its substitutes on the central nervous system and the cardiovascular and blood circulation system,their influence on the digestive system,the respiratory system and the immune system,and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the immune system were systematically expounded.The review can provide the basis to elucidate pharmacodynamic material basis,and to improve the quality standard and clinical application research.
Cow-bezoar,a traditional Chinese medicinal medicine,has been commonly used for a long history.In order to satisfy the demand of clinical medication,artificial cow-bezoar,cultured cow-bezoar,in vitro cultured Calculus Bovis are used as the substitution of cow-bezoar at present.In this paper,the chemical constituents,qualitative and quantitative analysis methods and pharmacological effects of calculus bovis and their substitutes were systematically reviewed.The qualitative analysis methods included the methods of character identification,microscopic identification,physical and chemical identification.Quantitative methods including the determination methods of bilirubin,cholic acid,amino acids and inorganic elements in cow-bezoar and its substitutes were described in detail.The pharmacological effects of cow-bezoar and its substitutes on the central nervous system and the cardiovascular and blood circulation system,their influence on the digestive system,the respiratory system and the immune system,and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the immune system were systematically expounded.The review can provide the basis to elucidate pharmacodynamic material basis,and to improve the quality standard and clinical application research.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国药典2015年版.一部[S].2015:70,5,173Ch P 2015.VolⅠ[S].2015:70,5,173
[2]LI YW,ZHU XY,BUT PP,et al.Ethnopharmacology of bear gall bladder:I[J].J Ethnopharmacol,1995,47(1):27
[3]LI T,ZHEN Y,CAI HJ,et al.Effects of in vitro cultivated Calculus Bovis compound on pulmonary lesions in rabbits with schistosomiasis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2010,16(6):749
[4]梁洁芳,胡景鑫,杨彬源,等.人工牛黄对实验性惊厥大鼠脑内海马及门区神经元丢失的抑制和GAD免疫反应阳性细胞的保护作用研究[J].中国病理生理杂志,2006,22(12):2414LIANG JF,HU JX,YANG BY,et al.Artificial Calculus Bovis inhibits neuron loss in hippocampus and hilus and protects the GAD positive cells in hippocampus of epileptic rats[J].Chin J Pathophysiol,2006,22(12):2414
[5]邰昌松,王振宇,贾光,等.牛黄及制剂对正己烷致小鼠肝、肾脂质过氧化的保护作用研究[J].中国职业医学,2006,33(6):417TAI CS,WANG ZY,JIA G,et al.Study on the protective effect of bezoar and its Chinese herbal preparation on the lipid peroxidation induced by n-hexane in livers and kidneys of mice[J].Chin Occup Med,2006,33(6):417
[6]吴志远,李芳芳,张昆,等.人工牛黄对小鼠乳腺癌肺转移的影响[J].中草药,2012,43(10):2013WU ZY,LI FF,ZHANG K,et al.Effect of artificial Bovis Calculus on pulmonary metastasis from breast cancer of mice[J].Chin Tradit Herb Drugs,2012,43(10):2013
[7]中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准《新药转正标准》.第七册[S].1996:35New Drug Specifications Promulgated by the Ministry of Pubilc Health,P.R.China.Vol 7[S].1996:35
[8]杨明珍,迟程,迟萍.中国牛黄43年(1949—1992年)研究动态[J].中国民族民间医药杂志,1996(1):27YANG MZ,CHI C,CHI P.Research of 43 years(1949-1992)of Chinese bezoar[J].Chin J Ethnomed Ethnophar,1996(1):27
[9]苗椿梅,周富荣,张雪梅,等.漫谈牛黄及其代用品[J].中国现代中药,2013,15(12):1106MIAO CM,ZHOU FR,ZHANG XM,et al.Talking about bezoar and its substitutes[J].Mod Chin Med,2013,15(12):1106
[10]赵艳红,阮金秀.牛黄及其代用品的药理作用及临床应用[J].军事医学科学院院刊,2007,31(2):175ZHAO YH,RUAN JX.Pharmacology and clinical application of Calculus Bovis and its substitute[J].Bull Acad Mil Med Sci,2007,31(2):175
[11]王莉萍.体外培育牛黄研究概况[J].医药导报,2007,26(11):1334WANG LP.A survey of in vitro cultivation of bezoar[J].Her Med,2007,26(11):1334
[12]许贵斌.酶促牛黄与天然牛黄中枢神经药理作用的比较研究[D].泰安:泰山医学院,2010XU GB.Comparative Study of Pharmacological Effect on Central Nerve System between Natural Calculus Bovis and Calculus Bovis Cultivated by Glucuronidase[D].Taian:Taishan Medical University,2010
[13]林如忠.牛黄的“人工培殖”与研究[J].中药材科技,1980(3):21LIN RZ.Artificial cultivation of bezoar and its study[J].J Chin Med Mater,1980(3):21
[14]张启明,袁惠南,严克东.人工牛体培植牛黄研究概况[J].中国药学杂志,1992,27(9):515ZHANG QM,YUAN HN,YAN KD.Survey of cultured bovine bezoar by artificial bovine body[J].Chin Pharm J,1992,27(9):515
[15]李桃渝,胡会平,成流毓,等.人工培植牛黄元素及氨基酸分析[J].中药材,1989,12(1):18LI TY,HU HP,CHENG LY,et al.Analysis of elements and amino acids in artificial cultivation of bezoar[J].J Chin Med Mater,1989,12(1):18
[16]任立波,周虹.天然牛黄、人工培植牛黄与人工牛黄的鉴别[J].中国药业,2004,13(10):63REN LB,ZHOU H.Identification of natural bezoar,artificial Calculus Bovis and artificial bezoar[J].China Pharm,2004,13(10):63
[17]赵宝贵,刘红,顿金叶.天然牛黄的真伪鉴别[J].陕西中医,2000,21(1):38ZHAO BG,LIU H,DUN JY.Identification of natural bezoar[J].Shaanxi Tradit Chin Med,2000,21(1):38
[18]元艺兰.牛黄的真伪鉴别及药理作用[J].现代医药卫生,2011,27(13):2062YUAN YL.Identification and pharmacological effects of bezoar[J].Mod Med Health,2011,27(13):2062
[19]刘姗姗,吴志生,邢玲,等.基于显微近红外光谱技术的天然牛黄和人工牛黄的鉴别研究[J].中华中医药杂志,2014,29(1):84LIU SS,WU ZS,XING L,et al.Identification of bezoar and artificial bezoar powder using near infrared microspectroscopy[J].China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2014,29(1):84
[20]王亮明,王炳南,陈维华,等.水性溶剂法测定胆红素含量[J].生化药物杂志,1991,13(3):53WANG LM,WANG BN,CHEN WH,et al.Determination of bilirubin content by water solvent method[J].Chin J Biochem Pharm,1991,13(3):53
[21]王芳生,赵英举,李竟成,等.薄层扫描法测定人工诱生牛黄中主要成分的含量[J].兽医大学学报,1989(4):331WANG FS,ZHAO YJ,LI JC,et al.Determination of main components in artificially induced bezoar by TLC scanning[J].J Univ Vet Med,1989(4):331
[22]戴静,肖绍蓉,罗亨明.红外导数光谱法测定胆红素的含量[J].中成药,1990,12(1):35DAI J,XIAO SR,LUO HM.Determination of bilirubin by infrared derivative spectrometry[J].Chin Tradit Pat Med,1990,12(1):35
[23]HU Z,HE LC,ZHANG J,et al.Determination of three bile acids in artificial Calculus Bovis and its medicinal preparations by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis[J].J Chromatogr B,2006,837(1/2):11
[24]李珂,王唯红,齐永秀,等.6种胆酸类成分的HPLC-ELSD测定法及在两种牛黄中的含量比较[J].中国药学杂志,2010,45(8):626LI K,WANG WH,QI YX,et al.Determination and comparison of content of six cholic acid derivatives in two kinds of Calculus Bovis by HPLC-ELSD assay[J].Chin Pharm J,2010,45(8):626
[25]QIAO X,YE M,PAN DL,et al.Differentiation of various traditional Chinese medicines derived from animal bile and gallstone:simultaneous determination of bile acids by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].J Chromatogr A,2011,1218(1):107
[26]张启明,严克东,田颂九,等.培植牛黄与天然牛黄化学成分比较研究—Ⅴ.游离和总氨基酸的测定及比较[J].中药材,1991,14(9):15ZHANG QM,YAN KD,TIAN SJ,et al.Comparative study on chemical constituents of cultivated bezoar and natural bezoar—Ⅴ.determination and comparison of free and total amino acids[J].J Chin Med Mater,1991,14(9):15
[27]钟胜佳,石岩,熊婧,等.人工牛黄中牛磺酸成分的含量测定[J].中国现代中药,2012,14(9):32ZHONG SJ,SHI Y,XIONG J,et al.Determination of taurine in artificial bezoar[J].Mod Chin Med,2012,14(9):32
[28]王芳生,侯明轶,赵英举,等.应用原子光谱分析法测定牛黄中无机元素含量[J].兽医大学学报,1993(3):227WANG FS,HOU MY,ZHAO YJ,et al.Determination of inorganic elements in bezoar by atomic spectrometry[J].J Univ Vet Med,1993(3):227
[29]李传云,李澎涛,潘彦舒,等.牛黄、栀子配伍对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注不同时段脂质过氧化损伤的影响[J].中国医药学报,2004,19(9):528LI CY,LI PT,PAN YS,et al.Effects of combination of Calculus Bovis and Fructus Gardeniae on lipid peroxidation in different phases of focal cerebral IR injuries in rats[J].China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2004,19(9):528
[30]杨继凡,韩文华,王淑翠.人工培育牛黄与其它牛黄药理作用的比较[J].中药材科技,1984(4):14YANG JF,HAN WH,WANG SC.Comparison of pharmacological effects between cultivated Calculus Bovis and other bezoar[J].J Chin Med Mater,1984(4):14
[31]邱昌伟.体外培植牛黄形成机理及其药理作用的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2004QIU CW.Study on the Formation Mechanism and Pharmacological Action of Cultured Bezoar in vitro[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2004
[32]安文林,李林,李斌,等.牛磺酸对大鼠脑神经元细胞Fos蛋白表达的影响[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志,2000,7(1):52AN WL,LI L,LI B,et al.Effect of taurine on the expression of Fos protein in neuronal cells in rats[J].Chin J Neuroimmunol Neurol,2000,7(1):52
[33]庄园.牛磺酸对高温后神经上皮细胞的保护作用[J].山东医学高等专科学校学报,2011,33(4):275ZHUANG Y.Taurine protecting cultured neuroepithelial cells against hyperthermia[J].J Shandong Med Coll,2011,33(4):275
[34]许红霞.牛磺酸对大鼠视网膜神经节细胞谷氨酸兴奋毒性的防护及机制研究[D].重庆:第三军医大学,2004XU HX.Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Taurine on Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells[D].Chongqing:Third Military Medical University,2004
[35]潘思源,董继萃.新一代人工牛黄的药理与毒理学研究:Ⅳ.对心血管系统的影响[J].中国生化药物杂志,1994,15(3):172PAN SY,DONG JC.Pharmacological and toxicological studies of the new generation of artificial bezoar:Ⅳ.Effects on the cardiovascular system[J].Chin J Biochem Pharm,1994,15(3):172
[36]哈斯苏荣,李培峰,关红,等.胆红素含量不同培植牛黄对动物心脏及血压的影响[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1997,18(4):52HAS SR,LI PF,GUAN H,et al.Effects of various bilirubinic cultured Calculus Bovis on animal blood pressure and heart[J].J Inner Mongolia Inst Agric Anim Husb,1997,18(4):52
[37]李振宇.牛磺酸对舒张性心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞L型钙通道的影响[J].民营科技,2013(4):194LI ZY.Effects of taurine on type L calcium channels in cardiomyocytes of rats with diastolic heart failure[J].Minying Keji,2013(4):194
[38]赵丽晶.牛磺酸对缺血再灌注损伤心肌细胞的保护作用[D].长春:吉林大学,2006ZHAO LJ.Protective Effect of Taurine on Myocardial Cells after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2006
[39]BEUERS U,BOYER JL,PAUMGARTNER G.Ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis:potential mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications[J].Hepatology,1998,28(6):1449
[40]薛小平,李东华,刘铮,等.活血化瘀中药对清热利胆中药利胆作用的增效研究[J].天津中医药,2006,23(1):70XUE XP,LI DH,LIU Z,et al.Synergic action of Chinese herbs with Huoxuehuayu effect on cholagogic effect of Chinese herbs with Qingre Lidan effect[J].Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med,2006,23(1):70
[41]孙娜.熊去氧胆酸对胆固醇的治疗与研究[J].中国卫生产业,2012,9(29):115SUN N.Treatment and study of cholesterol with ursodeoxycholic acid[J].China Health Ind,2012,9(29):115
[42]徐运杰,汪前红.胆汁酸的作用与分子调控机制[J].饲料工业,2015(S2):20XU YJ,WANG QH.Effect of bile acid and molecular regulation mechanism[J].Feed Ind,2015(S2):20
[43]魏雪涛,蒋建军,尚兰琴,等.胆红素及牛黄拮抗苯乙烯所致肝癌细胞株损伤[J].中国公共卫生,2004,20(4):58WEI XT,JIANG JJ,SHANG LQ,et al.Protective effect of bilirubin and natural cow-bezoar on styrene-induced Hep G2 cell DNA strand breaks[J].Chin J Public Health,2004,20(4):58
[44]白剑,肖漓,韩永,等.牛磺酸对肝纤维化模型小鼠肝组织超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛的影响[J].中国组织工程研究,2015,19(27):4379BAI J,XIAO L,HAN Y,et al.The influence of taurine on superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in liver tissue of rat models of liver fibrosis[J].Chin J Tissue Eng Res,2015,19(27):4379
[45]胡霞敏,石朝周.牛磺结合及其游离胆汁酸在小鼠镇咳祛痰抗炎模型上的作用比较[J].中国临床药学杂志,2001,10(2):85HU XM,SHI CZ.Comparison of tauro-conjugated bile acids with the corresponding free bile acids in antitussive,expectorant and antiinflammatory effects[J].Chin J Clin Pharm,2001,10(2):85
[46]徐秋萍,李华,吴金英,等.新一代人工牛黄的药理与毒理学研究Ⅴ.对呼吸系统的影响[J].中国生化药物杂志,1994(2):104XU QP,LI H,WU JY,et al.Pharmacological and toxicological studies of new artificial NiuhuangⅤ.effects on respiratory system[J].Chin J Biochem Pharm,1994(2):104
[47]KOWDLEY KV.Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in hepatobiliary disease[J].Am J Med,2000,108(6):481
[48]石有斐.牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用及其机理研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007SHI YF.Study on the Regulatory Effect and Its Mechanism of Ursodeoxycholic Acid on Immune Function in Mice[D].Hohhot:Agricultural University of the Inner Mongol,2007
[49]何秀玲,李培锋,关红,等.牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(5):57HE XL,LI PF,GUAN H,et al.Effect of taurochenodeoxycholic acid on immunologic function of immunosuppressed mice[J].Chin J Anim Husb Vet Med,2010,37(5):57
[50]李霞,于庆海,艾朋,等.人工培植牛黄抗炎作用及其机制的初步探讨[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2000,17(6):431LI X,YU QH,AI P,et al.A preliminary inquiry into the antiinflammatory effects and the mechanism of artificial cultivated Calculus Bovis[J].J Shenyang Pharm Univ,2000,17(6):431
[51]杜佐华,蔡红娇,杨荣光,等.体外培育牛黄抗炎作用的实验研究[J].中药新药与临床药理,1996,7(1):27DU ZH,CAI HJ,YANG RG,et al.The anti-inflammatory action of cultured Calculus Bovis[J].Tradit Chin Drug Res Clin Pharmacol,1996,7(1):27
[52]林会强,王宗锐.天然牛黄及人工牛黄抗炎作用的研究[J].湛江医学院学报,1984,2(2):33LIN HQ,WANG ZR.Study on the anti-inflammatory effect of natural bezoar and artificial bezoar[J].J Zhanjiang Med Coll,1984,2(2):33
[53]关林.牛黄对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠中SOD、HIF-1a的影响[D].太原:山西中医学院,2015GUAN L.Effects of Bezoar on SOD and HIF-1a in Lipopolysaccharide Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2015
[54]刘春光,张天宏,丁日高,等.胆红素和各种胆酸同系物抗炎作用研究[J].解放军药学学报,2008,24(6):479LIU CG,ZHANG TH,DING RG,et al.A study on the antiinflammatory effect of bilirubin and cholic acid analogs[J].Pharm J Chin PLA,2008,24(6):479
[55]王天成,王振宇,沈惠麒,等.胆红素拮抗正己烷致小鼠脂质过氧化作用的初步研究[J].毒理学杂志,2006,20(1):34WANG TC,WANG ZY,SHEN HQ,et al.Preliminary study on the effect of bilirubin on lipid peroxidation induced by n-hexane in mice[J].J Toxicol,2006,20(1):34
[56]王芬.培植牛黄抗氧化作用的研究[J].辽宁中医杂志,2005,32(1):73WANG F.Study on anti-oxidation of cultural Calculus Bovis[J].Liaoning J Tradit Chin Med,2005,32(1):73
[57]蔡红娇,汪世元,刘烈刚,等.体外培育牛黄耐缺氧和清除自由基作用的研究[J].中药药理与临床药理,2003,19(6):20CAI HJ,WANG SY,LIU LG,et al.Study on the hypoxia tolerance and free radical scavenging effects of cultivation of bezoar in vitro[J].J Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol Chin Mater Med,2003,19(6):20
[58]蔡红娇.体外培育牛黄(ICCB)对心脑细胞保护作用及其机制研究[C]//第三届世界中西医结合大会论文摘要集.北京:中国中西医结合学会,2007:2CAI HJ.Protective effect of in vitro cultured Calculus Bovis(ICCB)on cardiac and cerebral cells and its mechanism[C]//Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine.Beijing:Chinese Integrative Medical Association,2007:2
[59]YAN SK,WU YW,LIU RH,et al.Comparative study on major bioactive components in natural,artificial and in-vitro cultured Calculus Bovis[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2007,55(1):128
[2]LI YW,ZHU XY,BUT PP,et al.Ethnopharmacology of bear gall bladder:I[J].J Ethnopharmacol,1995,47(1):27
[3]LI T,ZHEN Y,CAI HJ,et al.Effects of in vitro cultivated Calculus Bovis compound on pulmonary lesions in rabbits with schistosomiasis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2010,16(6):749
[4]梁洁芳,胡景鑫,杨彬源,等.人工牛黄对实验性惊厥大鼠脑内海马及门区神经元丢失的抑制和GAD免疫反应阳性细胞的保护作用研究[J].中国病理生理杂志,2006,22(12):2414LIANG JF,HU JX,YANG BY,et al.Artificial Calculus Bovis inhibits neuron loss in hippocampus and hilus and protects the GAD positive cells in hippocampus of epileptic rats[J].Chin J Pathophysiol,2006,22(12):2414
[5]邰昌松,王振宇,贾光,等.牛黄及制剂对正己烷致小鼠肝、肾脂质过氧化的保护作用研究[J].中国职业医学,2006,33(6):417TAI CS,WANG ZY,JIA G,et al.Study on the protective effect of bezoar and its Chinese herbal preparation on the lipid peroxidation induced by n-hexane in livers and kidneys of mice[J].Chin Occup Med,2006,33(6):417
[6]吴志远,李芳芳,张昆,等.人工牛黄对小鼠乳腺癌肺转移的影响[J].中草药,2012,43(10):2013WU ZY,LI FF,ZHANG K,et al.Effect of artificial Bovis Calculus on pulmonary metastasis from breast cancer of mice[J].Chin Tradit Herb Drugs,2012,43(10):2013
[7]中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准《新药转正标准》.第七册[S].1996:35New Drug Specifications Promulgated by the Ministry of Pubilc Health,P.R.China.Vol 7[S].1996:35
[8]杨明珍,迟程,迟萍.中国牛黄43年(1949—1992年)研究动态[J].中国民族民间医药杂志,1996(1):27YANG MZ,CHI C,CHI P.Research of 43 years(1949-1992)of Chinese bezoar[J].Chin J Ethnomed Ethnophar,1996(1):27
[9]苗椿梅,周富荣,张雪梅,等.漫谈牛黄及其代用品[J].中国现代中药,2013,15(12):1106MIAO CM,ZHOU FR,ZHANG XM,et al.Talking about bezoar and its substitutes[J].Mod Chin Med,2013,15(12):1106
[10]赵艳红,阮金秀.牛黄及其代用品的药理作用及临床应用[J].军事医学科学院院刊,2007,31(2):175ZHAO YH,RUAN JX.Pharmacology and clinical application of Calculus Bovis and its substitute[J].Bull Acad Mil Med Sci,2007,31(2):175
[11]王莉萍.体外培育牛黄研究概况[J].医药导报,2007,26(11):1334WANG LP.A survey of in vitro cultivation of bezoar[J].Her Med,2007,26(11):1334
[12]许贵斌.酶促牛黄与天然牛黄中枢神经药理作用的比较研究[D].泰安:泰山医学院,2010XU GB.Comparative Study of Pharmacological Effect on Central Nerve System between Natural Calculus Bovis and Calculus Bovis Cultivated by Glucuronidase[D].Taian:Taishan Medical University,2010
[13]林如忠.牛黄的“人工培殖”与研究[J].中药材科技,1980(3):21LIN RZ.Artificial cultivation of bezoar and its study[J].J Chin Med Mater,1980(3):21
[14]张启明,袁惠南,严克东.人工牛体培植牛黄研究概况[J].中国药学杂志,1992,27(9):515ZHANG QM,YUAN HN,YAN KD.Survey of cultured bovine bezoar by artificial bovine body[J].Chin Pharm J,1992,27(9):515
[15]李桃渝,胡会平,成流毓,等.人工培植牛黄元素及氨基酸分析[J].中药材,1989,12(1):18LI TY,HU HP,CHENG LY,et al.Analysis of elements and amino acids in artificial cultivation of bezoar[J].J Chin Med Mater,1989,12(1):18
[16]任立波,周虹.天然牛黄、人工培植牛黄与人工牛黄的鉴别[J].中国药业,2004,13(10):63REN LB,ZHOU H.Identification of natural bezoar,artificial Calculus Bovis and artificial bezoar[J].China Pharm,2004,13(10):63
[17]赵宝贵,刘红,顿金叶.天然牛黄的真伪鉴别[J].陕西中医,2000,21(1):38ZHAO BG,LIU H,DUN JY.Identification of natural bezoar[J].Shaanxi Tradit Chin Med,2000,21(1):38
[18]元艺兰.牛黄的真伪鉴别及药理作用[J].现代医药卫生,2011,27(13):2062YUAN YL.Identification and pharmacological effects of bezoar[J].Mod Med Health,2011,27(13):2062
[19]刘姗姗,吴志生,邢玲,等.基于显微近红外光谱技术的天然牛黄和人工牛黄的鉴别研究[J].中华中医药杂志,2014,29(1):84LIU SS,WU ZS,XING L,et al.Identification of bezoar and artificial bezoar powder using near infrared microspectroscopy[J].China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2014,29(1):84
[20]王亮明,王炳南,陈维华,等.水性溶剂法测定胆红素含量[J].生化药物杂志,1991,13(3):53WANG LM,WANG BN,CHEN WH,et al.Determination of bilirubin content by water solvent method[J].Chin J Biochem Pharm,1991,13(3):53
[21]王芳生,赵英举,李竟成,等.薄层扫描法测定人工诱生牛黄中主要成分的含量[J].兽医大学学报,1989(4):331WANG FS,ZHAO YJ,LI JC,et al.Determination of main components in artificially induced bezoar by TLC scanning[J].J Univ Vet Med,1989(4):331
[22]戴静,肖绍蓉,罗亨明.红外导数光谱法测定胆红素的含量[J].中成药,1990,12(1):35DAI J,XIAO SR,LUO HM.Determination of bilirubin by infrared derivative spectrometry[J].Chin Tradit Pat Med,1990,12(1):35
[23]HU Z,HE LC,ZHANG J,et al.Determination of three bile acids in artificial Calculus Bovis and its medicinal preparations by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis[J].J Chromatogr B,2006,837(1/2):11
[24]李珂,王唯红,齐永秀,等.6种胆酸类成分的HPLC-ELSD测定法及在两种牛黄中的含量比较[J].中国药学杂志,2010,45(8):626LI K,WANG WH,QI YX,et al.Determination and comparison of content of six cholic acid derivatives in two kinds of Calculus Bovis by HPLC-ELSD assay[J].Chin Pharm J,2010,45(8):626
[25]QIAO X,YE M,PAN DL,et al.Differentiation of various traditional Chinese medicines derived from animal bile and gallstone:simultaneous determination of bile acids by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].J Chromatogr A,2011,1218(1):107
[26]张启明,严克东,田颂九,等.培植牛黄与天然牛黄化学成分比较研究—Ⅴ.游离和总氨基酸的测定及比较[J].中药材,1991,14(9):15ZHANG QM,YAN KD,TIAN SJ,et al.Comparative study on chemical constituents of cultivated bezoar and natural bezoar—Ⅴ.determination and comparison of free and total amino acids[J].J Chin Med Mater,1991,14(9):15
[27]钟胜佳,石岩,熊婧,等.人工牛黄中牛磺酸成分的含量测定[J].中国现代中药,2012,14(9):32ZHONG SJ,SHI Y,XIONG J,et al.Determination of taurine in artificial bezoar[J].Mod Chin Med,2012,14(9):32
[28]王芳生,侯明轶,赵英举,等.应用原子光谱分析法测定牛黄中无机元素含量[J].兽医大学学报,1993(3):227WANG FS,HOU MY,ZHAO YJ,et al.Determination of inorganic elements in bezoar by atomic spectrometry[J].J Univ Vet Med,1993(3):227
[29]李传云,李澎涛,潘彦舒,等.牛黄、栀子配伍对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注不同时段脂质过氧化损伤的影响[J].中国医药学报,2004,19(9):528LI CY,LI PT,PAN YS,et al.Effects of combination of Calculus Bovis and Fructus Gardeniae on lipid peroxidation in different phases of focal cerebral IR injuries in rats[J].China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2004,19(9):528
[30]杨继凡,韩文华,王淑翠.人工培育牛黄与其它牛黄药理作用的比较[J].中药材科技,1984(4):14YANG JF,HAN WH,WANG SC.Comparison of pharmacological effects between cultivated Calculus Bovis and other bezoar[J].J Chin Med Mater,1984(4):14
[31]邱昌伟.体外培植牛黄形成机理及其药理作用的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2004QIU CW.Study on the Formation Mechanism and Pharmacological Action of Cultured Bezoar in vitro[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2004
[32]安文林,李林,李斌,等.牛磺酸对大鼠脑神经元细胞Fos蛋白表达的影响[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志,2000,7(1):52AN WL,LI L,LI B,et al.Effect of taurine on the expression of Fos protein in neuronal cells in rats[J].Chin J Neuroimmunol Neurol,2000,7(1):52
[33]庄园.牛磺酸对高温后神经上皮细胞的保护作用[J].山东医学高等专科学校学报,2011,33(4):275ZHUANG Y.Taurine protecting cultured neuroepithelial cells against hyperthermia[J].J Shandong Med Coll,2011,33(4):275
[34]许红霞.牛磺酸对大鼠视网膜神经节细胞谷氨酸兴奋毒性的防护及机制研究[D].重庆:第三军医大学,2004XU HX.Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Taurine on Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells[D].Chongqing:Third Military Medical University,2004
[35]潘思源,董继萃.新一代人工牛黄的药理与毒理学研究:Ⅳ.对心血管系统的影响[J].中国生化药物杂志,1994,15(3):172PAN SY,DONG JC.Pharmacological and toxicological studies of the new generation of artificial bezoar:Ⅳ.Effects on the cardiovascular system[J].Chin J Biochem Pharm,1994,15(3):172
[36]哈斯苏荣,李培峰,关红,等.胆红素含量不同培植牛黄对动物心脏及血压的影响[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1997,18(4):52HAS SR,LI PF,GUAN H,et al.Effects of various bilirubinic cultured Calculus Bovis on animal blood pressure and heart[J].J Inner Mongolia Inst Agric Anim Husb,1997,18(4):52
[37]李振宇.牛磺酸对舒张性心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞L型钙通道的影响[J].民营科技,2013(4):194LI ZY.Effects of taurine on type L calcium channels in cardiomyocytes of rats with diastolic heart failure[J].Minying Keji,2013(4):194
[38]赵丽晶.牛磺酸对缺血再灌注损伤心肌细胞的保护作用[D].长春:吉林大学,2006ZHAO LJ.Protective Effect of Taurine on Myocardial Cells after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2006
[39]BEUERS U,BOYER JL,PAUMGARTNER G.Ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis:potential mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications[J].Hepatology,1998,28(6):1449
[40]薛小平,李东华,刘铮,等.活血化瘀中药对清热利胆中药利胆作用的增效研究[J].天津中医药,2006,23(1):70XUE XP,LI DH,LIU Z,et al.Synergic action of Chinese herbs with Huoxuehuayu effect on cholagogic effect of Chinese herbs with Qingre Lidan effect[J].Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med,2006,23(1):70
[41]孙娜.熊去氧胆酸对胆固醇的治疗与研究[J].中国卫生产业,2012,9(29):115SUN N.Treatment and study of cholesterol with ursodeoxycholic acid[J].China Health Ind,2012,9(29):115
[42]徐运杰,汪前红.胆汁酸的作用与分子调控机制[J].饲料工业,2015(S2):20XU YJ,WANG QH.Effect of bile acid and molecular regulation mechanism[J].Feed Ind,2015(S2):20
[43]魏雪涛,蒋建军,尚兰琴,等.胆红素及牛黄拮抗苯乙烯所致肝癌细胞株损伤[J].中国公共卫生,2004,20(4):58WEI XT,JIANG JJ,SHANG LQ,et al.Protective effect of bilirubin and natural cow-bezoar on styrene-induced Hep G2 cell DNA strand breaks[J].Chin J Public Health,2004,20(4):58
[44]白剑,肖漓,韩永,等.牛磺酸对肝纤维化模型小鼠肝组织超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛的影响[J].中国组织工程研究,2015,19(27):4379BAI J,XIAO L,HAN Y,et al.The influence of taurine on superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in liver tissue of rat models of liver fibrosis[J].Chin J Tissue Eng Res,2015,19(27):4379
[45]胡霞敏,石朝周.牛磺结合及其游离胆汁酸在小鼠镇咳祛痰抗炎模型上的作用比较[J].中国临床药学杂志,2001,10(2):85HU XM,SHI CZ.Comparison of tauro-conjugated bile acids with the corresponding free bile acids in antitussive,expectorant and antiinflammatory effects[J].Chin J Clin Pharm,2001,10(2):85
[46]徐秋萍,李华,吴金英,等.新一代人工牛黄的药理与毒理学研究Ⅴ.对呼吸系统的影响[J].中国生化药物杂志,1994(2):104XU QP,LI H,WU JY,et al.Pharmacological and toxicological studies of new artificial NiuhuangⅤ.effects on respiratory system[J].Chin J Biochem Pharm,1994(2):104
[47]KOWDLEY KV.Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in hepatobiliary disease[J].Am J Med,2000,108(6):481
[48]石有斐.牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用及其机理研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007SHI YF.Study on the Regulatory Effect and Its Mechanism of Ursodeoxycholic Acid on Immune Function in Mice[D].Hohhot:Agricultural University of the Inner Mongol,2007
[49]何秀玲,李培锋,关红,等.牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(5):57HE XL,LI PF,GUAN H,et al.Effect of taurochenodeoxycholic acid on immunologic function of immunosuppressed mice[J].Chin J Anim Husb Vet Med,2010,37(5):57
[50]李霞,于庆海,艾朋,等.人工培植牛黄抗炎作用及其机制的初步探讨[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2000,17(6):431LI X,YU QH,AI P,et al.A preliminary inquiry into the antiinflammatory effects and the mechanism of artificial cultivated Calculus Bovis[J].J Shenyang Pharm Univ,2000,17(6):431
[51]杜佐华,蔡红娇,杨荣光,等.体外培育牛黄抗炎作用的实验研究[J].中药新药与临床药理,1996,7(1):27DU ZH,CAI HJ,YANG RG,et al.The anti-inflammatory action of cultured Calculus Bovis[J].Tradit Chin Drug Res Clin Pharmacol,1996,7(1):27
[52]林会强,王宗锐.天然牛黄及人工牛黄抗炎作用的研究[J].湛江医学院学报,1984,2(2):33LIN HQ,WANG ZR.Study on the anti-inflammatory effect of natural bezoar and artificial bezoar[J].J Zhanjiang Med Coll,1984,2(2):33
[53]关林.牛黄对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠中SOD、HIF-1a的影响[D].太原:山西中医学院,2015GUAN L.Effects of Bezoar on SOD and HIF-1a in Lipopolysaccharide Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2015
[54]刘春光,张天宏,丁日高,等.胆红素和各种胆酸同系物抗炎作用研究[J].解放军药学学报,2008,24(6):479LIU CG,ZHANG TH,DING RG,et al.A study on the antiinflammatory effect of bilirubin and cholic acid analogs[J].Pharm J Chin PLA,2008,24(6):479
[55]王天成,王振宇,沈惠麒,等.胆红素拮抗正己烷致小鼠脂质过氧化作用的初步研究[J].毒理学杂志,2006,20(1):34WANG TC,WANG ZY,SHEN HQ,et al.Preliminary study on the effect of bilirubin on lipid peroxidation induced by n-hexane in mice[J].J Toxicol,2006,20(1):34
[56]王芬.培植牛黄抗氧化作用的研究[J].辽宁中医杂志,2005,32(1):73WANG F.Study on anti-oxidation of cultural Calculus Bovis[J].Liaoning J Tradit Chin Med,2005,32(1):73
[57]蔡红娇,汪世元,刘烈刚,等.体外培育牛黄耐缺氧和清除自由基作用的研究[J].中药药理与临床药理,2003,19(6):20CAI HJ,WANG SY,LIU LG,et al.Study on the hypoxia tolerance and free radical scavenging effects of cultivation of bezoar in vitro[J].J Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol Chin Mater Med,2003,19(6):20
[58]蔡红娇.体外培育牛黄(ICCB)对心脑细胞保护作用及其机制研究[C]//第三届世界中西医结合大会论文摘要集.北京:中国中西医结合学会,2007:2CAI HJ.Protective effect of in vitro cultured Calculus Bovis(ICCB)on cardiac and cerebral cells and its mechanism[C]//Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine.Beijing:Chinese Integrative Medical Association,2007:2
[59]YAN SK,WU YW,LIU RH,et al.Comparative study on major bioactive components in natural,artificial and in-vitro cultured Calculus Bovis[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2007,55(1):128