克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏机制的动力学数值模拟
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摘要
大陆克拉通岩石圈的减薄是一种常见现象,但是其破坏并不常见.尽管前人针对这两种过程开展了不少研究,但是对其动力学机制尚缺乏统一认识.文章以大陆克拉通岩石圈,尤其是华北克拉通作为研究对象,基于前人的地质地球物理学观测以及动力学数值模拟研究,对克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏的过程和机制进行了系统的分析和总结.其中,华北克拉通减薄和破坏的动力学机制限定为与大洋板块俯冲相关的两种主要模式,分别是:(1)"自下而上"过程,即俯冲板片扰动富水的地幔转换带,使其中流体上涌,软流圈物质受到扰动而发生对流,对上覆岩石圈底部进行"烘烤",并可能伴随流体/熔体-岩石反应,改变岩石圈地幔的矿物组成和流变学性质,导致岩石圈底部物质混合进入软流圈而发生减薄乃至破坏.(2)"自上而下"过程,强调大洋板片在克拉通岩石圈底部平俯冲并发生脱水,水化蚀变上覆岩石圈地幔,降低岩石圈地幔岩石流变特性;随后平俯冲转变为陡俯冲,伴随软流圈侧向上涌,被弱化的岩石圈地幔由于热侵蚀作用而进入软流圈,从而发生减薄乃至破坏.这两大类过程都是比较复杂的、多过程耦合的模式,都把大洋板块的俯冲及其流体活动作为上覆克拉通岩石圈减薄/破坏的主要驱动机制;不同之处在于俯冲大洋板片的位置,一种是在地幔转换带的平卧与滞留,另一种是沿着克拉通岩石圈底部的平俯冲.对于华北克拉通而言,东部岩石圈在中生代时期受到古太平洋板片的俯冲,板块俯冲带对华北克拉通之下的地幔和转换带物质的扰动及其伴随的流体活动,很大程度上控制着华北克拉通岩石圈的改造.为了更好的探讨和对比这两种模式,其核心关键点在于大洋俯冲带中水的活动.因此,文章重点对含水矿物相变及俯冲带和地幔转换带中水的迁移过程进行了探讨,分析了大洋俯冲带中可能的流体活动模型、各自存在的问题及其可行性.此外,为了全面认识克拉通岩石圈的减薄与破坏机制,还对其他可能的机制进行了总结,包含以下四组模式:拉张减薄模型、挤压增厚拆沉模型、大尺度地幔对流侵蚀模型以及地幔柱侵蚀模型.相对于前面介绍的两种大洋俯冲相关模型,这四种模型主要是由相对简单的单一过程和机制所致(分别是拉张、挤压、对流和地幔柱),可能是华北克拉通减薄与破坏的二级驱动机制.
引文
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