汉末礼乐之变与赵壹《刺世疾邪诗》探微
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摘要
赵壹《刺世疾邪诗》与《毛诗序》所言"变风变雅"相似,是东汉末年礼乐衰微背景下的变风变雅之调,因而言词激切、怨愤深广。赵壹虽未列名党锢,观其交游、性情、言行可知其人也深受当时党人以气节、清名为尚风气的影响。党人狷介婞直风尚在诗歌中表露无遗,大异于温柔敦厚的中和之美。两汉之诗多入乐可歌,诗、乐联系紧密,诗常以歌名,《汉书·艺文志》所载诗歌等皆为入乐歌诗,东汉文人诗也常入乐可歌。赵壹诗作是明确可信的东汉文人五言诗中最早独立于乐歌的作品。赵壹《刺世疾邪诗》二首分别以诗和歌命名,秦客为诗与鲁生作歌同时出现,鲁生作歌类于班固所作歌诗《咏史》,而不涉乐歌的秦客为诗则表明当时文人五言诗开始独立于乐歌。赵壹诗作最早显示出文人五言诗创作由入乐到去乐的倾向,为之后五言诗的发展打开了新局面。
Employing impassioned language in Ci Shi Ji Xie Fu( 刺世疾邪赋) and Mao Shi Xu( 毛诗序),Zhao Yi vented his discontent with and indignation over the change in literati ethos with respect to the pursuit of orthodox poetic composition against the backdrop of the decline of the rites in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. At the time,many Confucian scholars allied with scholar-bureaucrats,forming a huge political force in the court and the commonalty to criticize the eunuchs' interference in the regime. Zhao Yi,although not entangled in such a move,did undergo some influences exerted upon him by those Confucian officials and students of the state academy who upheld integrity and righteousness. The poetic works of those partisans were marked by an ardent advocacy for being upright,righteous and unyielding. The poems of the Han Dynasty were more entertaining,and the poems and music were closely connected. Songs and lyrics were often included in poems. Zhao Yi's poems were the earliest and most independent works of the five-character poems of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Two of Zhao's poems in Ci Shi Ji Xie Fu( 刺世疾邪赋) were named after poem and song respectively. One poem shows that the five-character poem of the literati in the Eastern Han Dynasty began to be independent of the song. Zhao's poems show the tendency of the creation of five-character poems by scholars,which opens a new stage for the development of the five-character poems.
Employing impassioned language in Ci Shi Ji Xie Fu( 刺世疾邪赋) and Mao Shi Xu( 毛诗序),Zhao Yi vented his discontent with and indignation over the change in literati ethos with respect to the pursuit of orthodox poetic composition against the backdrop of the decline of the rites in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. At the time,many Confucian scholars allied with scholar-bureaucrats,forming a huge political force in the court and the commonalty to criticize the eunuchs' interference in the regime. Zhao Yi,although not entangled in such a move,did undergo some influences exerted upon him by those Confucian officials and students of the state academy who upheld integrity and righteousness. The poetic works of those partisans were marked by an ardent advocacy for being upright,righteous and unyielding. The poems of the Han Dynasty were more entertaining,and the poems and music were closely connected. Songs and lyrics were often included in poems. Zhao Yi's poems were the earliest and most independent works of the five-character poems of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Two of Zhao's poems in Ci Shi Ji Xie Fu( 刺世疾邪赋) were named after poem and song respectively. One poem shows that the five-character poem of the literati in the Eastern Han Dynasty began to be independent of the song. Zhao's poems show the tendency of the creation of five-character poems by scholars,which opens a new stage for the development of the five-character poems.
引文
[1]范晔.后汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1965.
[2]郑玄.礼记正义[M].孔颖达,疏.北京:北京大学出版社,1999.
[3]郭茂倩.乐府诗集[M].北京:中华书局,1979.
[4]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962.
[5]毛亨.毛诗正义[M].郑玄,笺.孔颖达,疏.北京:北京大学出版社,1999.
[6]陈延杰.诗品注[M].北京:人民文学出版社,1961.
[7]赵翼.廿二史札记校正[M].王树民,校正.北京:中华书局,1984.
[8]司马光.资治通鉴[M].北京:中华书局,1956.
[9]杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京:中华书局,1980.
[10]胡应麟.诗薮[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1979.
[11]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,1959.
[12]萧统.文选[M].李善,注.上海:上海古籍出版社,1986.
[13]逯钦立,辑校.先秦汉魏晋南北朝诗[M].北京:中华书局,1983.
(1)赵逵夫推测赵壹生于汉顺帝永建(126—131)前后,卒于汉灵帝中平(184-188)前后,大致年代相差不远,然受材料所限,具体时间很难确定,参见赵逵夫《赵壹生平著作考》(《文学遗产》2003年第1期)。
(1)《毛诗序》作者及完成时间多有异说,以东汉初期卫宏作《毛诗序》一说时间最迟,因此《毛诗序》成书于东汉中期之前当无疑,早于赵壹生活时代,赵壹很可能受其影响。
(1)《后汉书·文苑列传》载光和元年(178)赵壹“举郡上计,到京师。是时,司徒袁逢受计”,但光和元年袁逢为司空而非司徒,不参与受上计之事。因此有学者认为此处记载有误,袁逢当为袁滂或袁隗,参见赵逵夫《赵壹生平著作考》(《文学遗产》2003年第1期、江波《〈后汉书·赵壹传〉辨误》(《文献》2011年第4期),这里采用赵逵夫之说。
(2)党锢之祸,宦官打击士人不遗余力,不惜扩大化,“睚眦之忿,滥入党中”。皇甫规上书自请附党而朝廷“知而不问”,皇甫规“素誉不高”固然是事实,但更重要的原因是皇甫规为久负盛名的名将,战功显赫,“功成于戎狄”,当时任度辽将军,“北边威服”,宦官有所忌惮,不欲与边将为敌。
(1)由于出身单寒以及高自抗竦性情,赵壹屡受豪强打击几至死,赵壹抨击的对象包括宦官、外戚、势族、执政乃至皇帝,如《刺世疾邪赋》云“原斯瘼之攸兴,实执政之匪贤。女谒掩其视听兮,近习秉其威权”“九重既不可启”,这与当时党人以宦官为主要打击对象不同,更为大胆激切。
(1)秦嘉《赠妇诗》、《古诗十九首》、苏李诗等较为成熟的文人五言诗作品,出处、年代、作者均有可疑之处。秦嘉《赠妇诗》三首不见于《后汉书》,最早载于《玉台新咏》,诗歌把徐淑回信责备秦嘉之言改编成秦嘉赠给徐淑的诗句,并连续使用对偶的句式,很可能为六朝伪作;古诗十九首和苏李诗作者、年代不明,诗歌用词精巧,风格成熟,不大可能作于建安之前,钟嵘《诗品》云古诗“旧疑是建安中曹、王所制”,当去事实不远。这些诗歌作于建安之前的可能性不大,这里不将其作为汉代诗歌研究对象。
(2)《后汉书·文苑列传》载郦炎“灵帝时,州郡辟命,皆不就,有志气。作诗二篇曰……熹平六年,遂死狱中,时年二十八”,则郦炎《见志诗》当作于汉灵帝建宁元年(168)至熹平六年(177)之间。《后汉书·文苑列传》载赵壹《刺世疾邪诗》作于光和元年(178)之前,有学者根据党锢之祸背景推测其作于延康元年(167),当与事实相去不远,参见赵逵夫《赵壹生平著作考》(《文学遗产》2003年第1期)。据此赵壹诗作创作时间早于郦炎。
[2]郑玄.礼记正义[M].孔颖达,疏.北京:北京大学出版社,1999.
[3]郭茂倩.乐府诗集[M].北京:中华书局,1979.
[4]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962.
[5]毛亨.毛诗正义[M].郑玄,笺.孔颖达,疏.北京:北京大学出版社,1999.
[6]陈延杰.诗品注[M].北京:人民文学出版社,1961.
[7]赵翼.廿二史札记校正[M].王树民,校正.北京:中华书局,1984.
[8]司马光.资治通鉴[M].北京:中华书局,1956.
[9]杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京:中华书局,1980.
[10]胡应麟.诗薮[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1979.
[11]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,1959.
[12]萧统.文选[M].李善,注.上海:上海古籍出版社,1986.
[13]逯钦立,辑校.先秦汉魏晋南北朝诗[M].北京:中华书局,1983.
(1)赵逵夫推测赵壹生于汉顺帝永建(126—131)前后,卒于汉灵帝中平(184-188)前后,大致年代相差不远,然受材料所限,具体时间很难确定,参见赵逵夫《赵壹生平著作考》(《文学遗产》2003年第1期)。
(1)《毛诗序》作者及完成时间多有异说,以东汉初期卫宏作《毛诗序》一说时间最迟,因此《毛诗序》成书于东汉中期之前当无疑,早于赵壹生活时代,赵壹很可能受其影响。
(1)《后汉书·文苑列传》载光和元年(178)赵壹“举郡上计,到京师。是时,司徒袁逢受计”,但光和元年袁逢为司空而非司徒,不参与受上计之事。因此有学者认为此处记载有误,袁逢当为袁滂或袁隗,参见赵逵夫《赵壹生平著作考》(《文学遗产》2003年第1期、江波《〈后汉书·赵壹传〉辨误》(《文献》2011年第4期),这里采用赵逵夫之说。
(2)党锢之祸,宦官打击士人不遗余力,不惜扩大化,“睚眦之忿,滥入党中”。皇甫规上书自请附党而朝廷“知而不问”,皇甫规“素誉不高”固然是事实,但更重要的原因是皇甫规为久负盛名的名将,战功显赫,“功成于戎狄”,当时任度辽将军,“北边威服”,宦官有所忌惮,不欲与边将为敌。
(1)由于出身单寒以及高自抗竦性情,赵壹屡受豪强打击几至死,赵壹抨击的对象包括宦官、外戚、势族、执政乃至皇帝,如《刺世疾邪赋》云“原斯瘼之攸兴,实执政之匪贤。女谒掩其视听兮,近习秉其威权”“九重既不可启”,这与当时党人以宦官为主要打击对象不同,更为大胆激切。
(1)秦嘉《赠妇诗》、《古诗十九首》、苏李诗等较为成熟的文人五言诗作品,出处、年代、作者均有可疑之处。秦嘉《赠妇诗》三首不见于《后汉书》,最早载于《玉台新咏》,诗歌把徐淑回信责备秦嘉之言改编成秦嘉赠给徐淑的诗句,并连续使用对偶的句式,很可能为六朝伪作;古诗十九首和苏李诗作者、年代不明,诗歌用词精巧,风格成熟,不大可能作于建安之前,钟嵘《诗品》云古诗“旧疑是建安中曹、王所制”,当去事实不远。这些诗歌作于建安之前的可能性不大,这里不将其作为汉代诗歌研究对象。
(2)《后汉书·文苑列传》载郦炎“灵帝时,州郡辟命,皆不就,有志气。作诗二篇曰……熹平六年,遂死狱中,时年二十八”,则郦炎《见志诗》当作于汉灵帝建宁元年(168)至熹平六年(177)之间。《后汉书·文苑列传》载赵壹《刺世疾邪诗》作于光和元年(178)之前,有学者根据党锢之祸背景推测其作于延康元年(167),当与事实相去不远,参见赵逵夫《赵壹生平著作考》(《文学遗产》2003年第1期)。据此赵壹诗作创作时间早于郦炎。