考虑土壤火花放电的接地装置暂态特性全时域电网络模型
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摘要
杆塔接地装置的冲击电阻是影响输电线路耐雷水平的重要参数之一,研究接地装置的冲击特性对输电线路的雷电防护具有重要意义。高幅值雷电流作用下,接地装置周围土壤会发生火花放电,使得其冲击特性与工频特性有显著的区别。为解决频域电路理论在对雷电流和响应电压进行傅里叶变换过程中需要忽略掉大量高频分量的问题,该文建立了考虑土壤火花放电的接地装置暂态特性全时域电网络模型。针对低阶精度时域差分法计算得到的响应电压存在局部锯齿状波形的问题,推导出了电网络模型的p-order精度时域差分解。结果表明,(3~5)-order精度时域差分法计算得到的响应电压波形平滑没有波动,能够提高计算精度,并减少计算时间。在武汉特高压试验基地对杆塔接地装置进行了大电流冲击试验,验证了该仿真算法的准确性。
The impulse resistance of the tower grounding devices is one of the key factors that affect the lightning withstand level of the transmission lines. Therefore, study of the impulse characteristics of grounding devices is important for the lightning protection of transmission lines. The sparkover occurs in the soil around the grounding devices under the lightning current of high-amplitude. It makes the impulse characteristics of grounding devices strikingly different from its power-frequency characteristics. The frequency-domain circuit theory had to ignore a large number of high-frequency components during Fourier transformation process of lightning current and response voltage. In order to solve this problem, the time-domain electrical network model of the transient characteristics of grounding devices considering soil sparkover was established in this paper. In order to solve the problem that the response voltage calculated by the low-order time-domain difference method had local zigzag waveforms, the difference solution of p-order accuracy of the proposed model was derived in time domain. The waveform of the response voltage calculated by the time-domain difference method of(3~5)-order accuracy was smooth. It could improve the precision and reduce the computing time. The large current tests of the tower grounding devices were carried out in Wuhan Ultra-High Voltage Test Base. The accuracy of the proposed simulation method is validated by those experiments.
The impulse resistance of the tower grounding devices is one of the key factors that affect the lightning withstand level of the transmission lines. Therefore, study of the impulse characteristics of grounding devices is important for the lightning protection of transmission lines. The sparkover occurs in the soil around the grounding devices under the lightning current of high-amplitude. It makes the impulse characteristics of grounding devices strikingly different from its power-frequency characteristics. The frequency-domain circuit theory had to ignore a large number of high-frequency components during Fourier transformation process of lightning current and response voltage. In order to solve this problem, the time-domain electrical network model of the transient characteristics of grounding devices considering soil sparkover was established in this paper. In order to solve the problem that the response voltage calculated by the low-order time-domain difference method had local zigzag waveforms, the difference solution of p-order accuracy of the proposed model was derived in time domain. The waveform of the response voltage calculated by the time-domain difference method of(3~5)-order accuracy was smooth. It could improve the precision and reduce the computing time. The large current tests of the tower grounding devices were carried out in Wuhan Ultra-High Voltage Test Base. The accuracy of the proposed simulation method is validated by those experiments.
引文
[1]解广润.电力系统接地技术[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1991:61-76.Xie Guangrun.Power system grounding technology[M].Beijing:Water Resource and Electric Power Press,1991:61-76(in Chinese).
[2]何金良,曾嵘.电力系统接地技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:239-248.He Jinliang,Zeng Rong.Grounding technologies for power system[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:239-248(in Chinese).
[3]Lorentzou M I,Hatziargyriou N D,Papadias B C.Time domain analysis of grounding electrodes impulse response[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2003,18(2):517-524.
[4]Liu Y,Theethayi N,Thottappillil R.An engineering model for transient analysis of grounding system under lightning strikes:nonuniform transmission-line approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):722-730.
[5]Antonio Carlos Siqueira de Lima,Portela C.Inclusion of frequency-dependent soil parameters in transmission-line modeling[J].2007,22(1):492-499.
[6]Cidras J,Otero A F,Garrido C.Nodal frequency analysis of grounding systems considering the soil ionization effect[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2000,15(1):103-107.
[7]司马文霞,李晓丽,袁涛.考虑土壤非线性特性的接地网冲击特性分析方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,(16):127-132.Sima Wenxia,Li Jingli,Yuan Tao,et al.Analysis of grounding grid impulse characteristics in frequency domain in consideration of soil non-linear characteristic[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(16):127-132(in Chinese).
[8]陈有军,王丰华,金之俭,等.考虑土壤电离特性时变电站接地网的暂态特性[J].高电压技术,2010,36(3):692-698.Chen Youjun,Wang Fenghua,Jin Zhijian,et al.Transient characteristics of grounding grid of substationwhen considering the soil ionization[J].High Voltage Engineering,2010,36(3):692-698(in Chinese).
[9]Habjanic A,Trlep M.The simulation of the soil ionization phenomenon around the grounding system by the finite element method[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2006,42(4):867-870.
[10]李景丽.接地网频域性能及杆塔接地极冲击特性的数值分析及试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2011.Li Jingli.Study on numerical analysis and simulation experiment of frequency characteristics of grounding grid and impulse characteristics of grounding electrode of tower[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2011(in Chinese).
[11]李景丽,袁涛,杨庆,等.考虑土壤电离动态过程的接地体有限元模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,(22):149-157.Li Jingli,Yuan Tao,Sima Wenxia,et al.Finite element model of grounding system considering soil dynamic ionization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(22):149-157(in Chinese).
[12]Tanabe K,Asakawa A.Computer analysis of transient performance of grounding grid element based on the finite-difference time-domain method[C]//IEEEInternational Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.Istanbul,Turkey:IEEE,2003:209-212.
[13]Ala G,Buccheri P L,Romano P,et al.Finite difference time domain simulation of earth electrodes soil ionisation under lightning surge condition[J].IET Science,Measurement&Technology,2008,2(3):134-145.
[14]陈加清,周璧华,贺宏兵,等.四种简单接地体的冲击接地阻抗分析[J].高电压技术,2005,31(2):1-3.Chen Jiaqing,Zhou Bihua,He Hongbing,et al.Analysis of transient grounding resistance of foursimple earthtermination systems[J].High Voltage Engineering,2005,31(2):1-3(in Chinese).
[15]何金良,孔维政,张波.考虑火花放电的杆塔冲击接地特性计算方法[J].高电压技术,2010,36(9):2107-2111.He Jinliang,Kong Weizheng,Zhang Bo.Calculating method of impulse characteristics of towergrounding devices considering soil ionization[J].High Voltage Engineering,2010,36(9):2107-2111(in Chinese).
[16]Zhang B,Wu J,He J,et al.Analysis of transient performance of grounding system considering soil ionization by time domain method[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2013,49(5):1837-1840.
[17]Syoll R L,The analysis of eddy currents[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1974:6-32.
[18]卡兰塔罗夫,采伊特林.电感计算手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1992:5-8.П.Л,Л.А.Inductance calculation manual[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,1992:5-8(in Chinese).
[19]郭剑,邹军,何金良,等.水平分层土壤中点电流源格林函数的递推算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(7):105-109.Guo Jian,Zou Jun,He Jinliang,et al.Recursive method to obtain analytic expressions of green’s functions in multi-layer soil by computer[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2004,24(7):105-109(in Chinese).
[20]Liu Y,Theethayi N,Thottappillil R.An engineering model for transient analysis of grounding system under lightning strikes:Nonuniform Transmission-Line approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):722-730.
[21]Chow Y L.Comples images for electrostatic field computation in multilayered media[J].IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1991,39(7):1120-1125.
[22]潘卓洪,张露,谭波,等.水平层状土壤接地问题的理论推导与数值分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(4):860-866.Pan Zhuohong,Zhang Lu,Tan Bo,et al.Theoretical derivation and numerical analysis for grounding computation of horizontal multi-layer soil[J].High Voltage Engineering,2011,37(4):860-866(in Chinese).
[23]高延庆.土壤冲击击穿机理及接地系统暂态特性研究[D].北京:清华大学,2003.Gao Yanqing.Study of the impulse breakdown mechanism of soil and transient characteristics of the grounding system[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2003(in Chinese).
[24]He J,Zhang B.Progress in lightning impulse characteristics of grounding electrodes with soil ionization[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2015,51(6):4924-4933.
[25]Feng Z,Wen X,Tong X,et al.Impulse characteristics of tower grounding devices considering soil ionization by the time-domain difference method[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(4):1906-1913.
[26]陈名铭,曹晓斌,杨琳,等.同轴圆柱形电极下土壤冲击特性的试验研究[J].电网技术,2013,37(8):2291-2296.Chen Mingming,Cao Xiaobin,Yang Lin,et al.Experimental study on soil impulse characteristics surrounding coaxial cylindrical electrode[J].Power System Technology,2013,37(8):2291-2296(in Chinese).
[2]何金良,曾嵘.电力系统接地技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:239-248.He Jinliang,Zeng Rong.Grounding technologies for power system[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:239-248(in Chinese).
[3]Lorentzou M I,Hatziargyriou N D,Papadias B C.Time domain analysis of grounding electrodes impulse response[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2003,18(2):517-524.
[4]Liu Y,Theethayi N,Thottappillil R.An engineering model for transient analysis of grounding system under lightning strikes:nonuniform transmission-line approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):722-730.
[5]Antonio Carlos Siqueira de Lima,Portela C.Inclusion of frequency-dependent soil parameters in transmission-line modeling[J].2007,22(1):492-499.
[6]Cidras J,Otero A F,Garrido C.Nodal frequency analysis of grounding systems considering the soil ionization effect[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2000,15(1):103-107.
[7]司马文霞,李晓丽,袁涛.考虑土壤非线性特性的接地网冲击特性分析方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,(16):127-132.Sima Wenxia,Li Jingli,Yuan Tao,et al.Analysis of grounding grid impulse characteristics in frequency domain in consideration of soil non-linear characteristic[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(16):127-132(in Chinese).
[8]陈有军,王丰华,金之俭,等.考虑土壤电离特性时变电站接地网的暂态特性[J].高电压技术,2010,36(3):692-698.Chen Youjun,Wang Fenghua,Jin Zhijian,et al.Transient characteristics of grounding grid of substationwhen considering the soil ionization[J].High Voltage Engineering,2010,36(3):692-698(in Chinese).
[9]Habjanic A,Trlep M.The simulation of the soil ionization phenomenon around the grounding system by the finite element method[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2006,42(4):867-870.
[10]李景丽.接地网频域性能及杆塔接地极冲击特性的数值分析及试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2011.Li Jingli.Study on numerical analysis and simulation experiment of frequency characteristics of grounding grid and impulse characteristics of grounding electrode of tower[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2011(in Chinese).
[11]李景丽,袁涛,杨庆,等.考虑土壤电离动态过程的接地体有限元模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,(22):149-157.Li Jingli,Yuan Tao,Sima Wenxia,et al.Finite element model of grounding system considering soil dynamic ionization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(22):149-157(in Chinese).
[12]Tanabe K,Asakawa A.Computer analysis of transient performance of grounding grid element based on the finite-difference time-domain method[C]//IEEEInternational Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.Istanbul,Turkey:IEEE,2003:209-212.
[13]Ala G,Buccheri P L,Romano P,et al.Finite difference time domain simulation of earth electrodes soil ionisation under lightning surge condition[J].IET Science,Measurement&Technology,2008,2(3):134-145.
[14]陈加清,周璧华,贺宏兵,等.四种简单接地体的冲击接地阻抗分析[J].高电压技术,2005,31(2):1-3.Chen Jiaqing,Zhou Bihua,He Hongbing,et al.Analysis of transient grounding resistance of foursimple earthtermination systems[J].High Voltage Engineering,2005,31(2):1-3(in Chinese).
[15]何金良,孔维政,张波.考虑火花放电的杆塔冲击接地特性计算方法[J].高电压技术,2010,36(9):2107-2111.He Jinliang,Kong Weizheng,Zhang Bo.Calculating method of impulse characteristics of towergrounding devices considering soil ionization[J].High Voltage Engineering,2010,36(9):2107-2111(in Chinese).
[16]Zhang B,Wu J,He J,et al.Analysis of transient performance of grounding system considering soil ionization by time domain method[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2013,49(5):1837-1840.
[17]Syoll R L,The analysis of eddy currents[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1974:6-32.
[18]卡兰塔罗夫,采伊特林.电感计算手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1992:5-8.П.Л,Л.А.Inductance calculation manual[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,1992:5-8(in Chinese).
[19]郭剑,邹军,何金良,等.水平分层土壤中点电流源格林函数的递推算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(7):105-109.Guo Jian,Zou Jun,He Jinliang,et al.Recursive method to obtain analytic expressions of green’s functions in multi-layer soil by computer[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2004,24(7):105-109(in Chinese).
[20]Liu Y,Theethayi N,Thottappillil R.An engineering model for transient analysis of grounding system under lightning strikes:Nonuniform Transmission-Line approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):722-730.
[21]Chow Y L.Comples images for electrostatic field computation in multilayered media[J].IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1991,39(7):1120-1125.
[22]潘卓洪,张露,谭波,等.水平层状土壤接地问题的理论推导与数值分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(4):860-866.Pan Zhuohong,Zhang Lu,Tan Bo,et al.Theoretical derivation and numerical analysis for grounding computation of horizontal multi-layer soil[J].High Voltage Engineering,2011,37(4):860-866(in Chinese).
[23]高延庆.土壤冲击击穿机理及接地系统暂态特性研究[D].北京:清华大学,2003.Gao Yanqing.Study of the impulse breakdown mechanism of soil and transient characteristics of the grounding system[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2003(in Chinese).
[24]He J,Zhang B.Progress in lightning impulse characteristics of grounding electrodes with soil ionization[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2015,51(6):4924-4933.
[25]Feng Z,Wen X,Tong X,et al.Impulse characteristics of tower grounding devices considering soil ionization by the time-domain difference method[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(4):1906-1913.
[26]陈名铭,曹晓斌,杨琳,等.同轴圆柱形电极下土壤冲击特性的试验研究[J].电网技术,2013,37(8):2291-2296.Chen Mingming,Cao Xiaobin,Yang Lin,et al.Experimental study on soil impulse characteristics surrounding coaxial cylindrical electrode[J].Power System Technology,2013,37(8):2291-2296(in Chinese).