页岩Ⅰ型断裂韧性的分形计算方法与应用
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摘要
水平井分段体积压裂是页岩气商业规模开发的重要工艺措施,如何评价页岩储层可压性是该工艺成功的关键。页岩断裂韧性是可压性评价的重要支撑参数,从I型断裂裂纹(裂缝)微观形态入手,结合断裂力学理论和分形理论,建立了页岩I型断裂韧性分形计算方法;借助晶体劈裂功法计算页岩表面能,采用密度、声波时差2种参数获取计算结果,对比分析新的分形方法计算数据、传统方法预测数据与试验测试数据,新的分形方法计算平均误差为3.63%,传统预测方法平均误差为?10.53%,验证了方法的准确性;参考实例水平井测井解释数据,计算了水平段I型断裂韧性指数的全井筒连续性剖面,结合可压性级别与较大储层改造体积概率关系,优选可压性级别为III级及II级改造。建立的页岩I型断裂韧性分形计算方法对定量评价页岩储层可压性具有重要意义。
Shale gas development in commercial scale benefits from the key technology— staged fracturing of horizontal wells, and the evaluation of shale fracability is also the key for the technology. Shale fracture toughness is an important factor for the evaluation of fracability. Based on the microstructure of Model I fracture, combining the fracture mechanics with the fractal theory, this paper established a new calculation method of shale fracture toughness. The surface energy of shale can be calculated by means of crystal splitting, and the calculation results can be obtained easily via rock density and acoustic time. This paper presents a comparison between the fractal calculation results and the experimental test results and traditional predicting results. The comparison shows that the mean error of fractal calculation is 3.63% and the mean error of traditional predicting is ?10.53%, validating the accuracy of the new method. Referring to the horizontal well logging data of horizontal wells, this method can be used to establish the wellbore model-I fracture toughness index continuity. Considering the relationship between the fracability level and the probability of stimulated reservoir volume, the class III and class II fracability level is preferred. The fractal calculation method of model I fracture toughness of shale is important in the perspective of quantitative evaluation of shale gas reservoir fracability.
Shale gas development in commercial scale benefits from the key technology— staged fracturing of horizontal wells, and the evaluation of shale fracability is also the key for the technology. Shale fracture toughness is an important factor for the evaluation of fracability. Based on the microstructure of Model I fracture, combining the fracture mechanics with the fractal theory, this paper established a new calculation method of shale fracture toughness. The surface energy of shale can be calculated by means of crystal splitting, and the calculation results can be obtained easily via rock density and acoustic time. This paper presents a comparison between the fractal calculation results and the experimental test results and traditional predicting results. The comparison shows that the mean error of fractal calculation is 3.63% and the mean error of traditional predicting is ?10.53%, validating the accuracy of the new method. Referring to the horizontal well logging data of horizontal wells, this method can be used to establish the wellbore model-I fracture toughness index continuity. Considering the relationship between the fracability level and the probability of stimulated reservoir volume, the class III and class II fracability level is preferred. The fractal calculation method of model I fracture toughness of shale is important in the perspective of quantitative evaluation of shale gas reservoir fracability.
引文
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[2]孙海成,汤达祯,蒋廷学,等.页岩气储层压裂改造技术[J].油气地质与采收率,2011,18(4):90-93.SUN Hai-cheng,TANG Da-zhen,JIANG Ting-xue,et al.Fracturing and stimulation techniques of shale gas reservoir[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2011,18(4):90-93.
[3]周德华,焦方正,贾长贵,等.JY1HF页岩气水平井大型分段压裂技术[J].石油钻探技术,2014,42(1):75-80.ZHOU De-hua,JIAO Fang-zheng,JIA Chang-gui,et al.Large-scale multi-stage hydraulic fracturing technology for shale gas horizontal well JY1HF[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2014,42(1):75-80.
[4]MAYERHOFER M J,LOLON E,WARPINSKI N R,et al.What is stimulated reservoir volume?[J].SPEProduction&Operations,2010,25(1):89-98.
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[6]唐颖,邢云,李乐忠,等.页岩储层可压裂性影响因素及评价方法[J].地学前缘,2012,19(5):356-363.TANG Ying,XING Yun,LI Le-zhong,et al.Influence factors and evaluation methods of the gas shale fracability[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(5):356-363.
[7]金衍,陈勉,张旭东.利用测井资料预测深部地层岩石断裂韧性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(4):454-456.JIN Yan,CHEN Mian,ZHANG Xu-dong.Determination of fracture toughness for deep well rock with geophysical logging data[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(4):454-456.
[8]金衍,陈勉,王怀英,等.利用测井资料预测岩石Ⅱ型断裂韧性的方法研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(增刊2):3630-3635.JIN Yan,CHEN Mian,WANG Huai-ying,et al.Study on prediction method of fracture toughness of rock mode IIby logging data[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(Suppl.2):3630-3635.
[9]BREYER J A,ALSLEBEN1 H,ENDERLIN M B.Predicting fracability in shale reservoirs[C]//AAPGAnnual Conference and Exhibition.Houston:[s.n.],2011:10-13.
[10]袁俊亮,邓金根,张定宇,等.页岩气储层可压裂性评价技术[J].石油学报,2013,34(3):523-527.YUAN Jun-liang,DENG Jin-gen,ZHANG Ding-yu,et al.Fracability evaluation of shale-gas reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinca,2013,34(3):523-527.
[11]姚飞.水力裂缝延伸过程中的岩石断裂韧性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(14):2346-2350.YAO Fei.Fracture toughness in hydraulic fracture propagation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(14):2346-2350.
[12]张广清,陈勉,杨小远.裂纹宽度对岩石断裂韧性测试结果的影响[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(6):42-45.ZHANG Guang-qing,CHEN Mian,YANG Xiao-yuan.Influence of fracture width on rock toughness measurement[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2002,26(6):42-45.
[13]金衍,陈勉,张旭东.利用测井资料预测深部地层岩石断裂韧性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(4):454-456.JIN Yan,CHEN Mian,ZHANG Xu-dong.Determination of fracture toughness for deep well rock with geophysical logging data[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(4):454-456.
[14]梁亚磊.圆盘试件预制裂缝形状对其测试岩石断裂韧度的影响性研究[D].焦作:河南理工大学,2011.LIANG Ya-lei.Research on the effect of the prefab crack shape on the rock fracture toughness tested using disc specimen[D].Jiaozuo:Henan Polytechnic University,2011.
[15]张明明.T应力对岩石断裂韧性及裂纹起裂的影响[D].成都:西南石油大学,2017.ZHANG Ming-ming.The influence of T-stress on rock fracture toughness and crack initial angle[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2017.
[16]MANDELBROT B B,PASSOJA D E,PAULLAY A J.Fractal character of fracture surfaces of metals[J].Nature,1984,308(5961):721-722.
[17]ODLING N E.Natural fracture profiles,fractal dimension and joint roughness coefficients[J].Rock Mechanics&Rock Engineering,1994,27(3):135-153.
[18]VOL N.The effect of scale on rock fracture toughness:a fractal approach[J].Géotechnique,1997,46(4):683-693.
[19]BORODICH F M.Fractals and fractal scaling in fracture mechanics[J].International Journal of Fracture,1999,95(1-4):239-259.
[20]APTUKOV V N,MITIN V Y.Nanorange mechanical and fractal properties of rock salt crystal surface and their effect on fracture toughness and wettability[J].Journal of Mining Science,2016,52(4):638-646.
[21]SANTOS S F D,RODRIGUES J D A.Correlation between fracture toughness,work of fracture and fractal dimensions of Alumina-mullite-zirconia composites[J].Materials Research,2003,6(2):219-226.
[22]JIN X,SHAH S N,ROEGIERS J C,et al.Fracability evaluation in shale reservoirs-an integrated petrophysics and geomechanics approach[J].SPE Journal,2014,20(3):518-526.
[23]SIERRA R,TRAN M H,ABOUSLEIMAN Y N,et al.Woodford shale mechanical properties and the impacts of lithofacies[C]//47th US Rock Mechanics Geomechanics Symposium.Utah:[s.n.],2010:1-10.
[24]姜浒,刘书杰,何保生,等.页岩气储层水力压裂机理研究[J].科学技术与工程,2014,14(12):23-25.JIANG Hu,LIU Shu-jie,HE Bao-sheng,et al.Mechanism study of hydraulic fracturing of shale gas reservoir[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2014,14(12):23-25.
[25]马刚,周创兵,常晓林,等.岩石破坏全过程的连续-离散耦合分析方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(12):2444-2455.MA Gang,ZHOU Chuang-bing,CHANG Xiao-lin,et al.Continuous-discontinuous coupling analysis for whole failure process of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(12):2444-2455.
[26]李晓照.基于细观力学的脆性岩石渐进及蠕变失效特性研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2016.LI Xiao-zhao.Micromechanics-based study on the progressive and creep failure properties of brittle rocks[D].Xi’an:Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,2016.
[27]王龙.岩石常规试验断裂损伤演化及其控制的分形几何研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2014.WANG Long.Fractal analysis of control of fracture and damage of limestone in general experiments[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2014
[28]张绍群.动载作用下木片断裂形貌特征与分形力学模型的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2016.ZHANG Shao-qun.A study on the morphological features of wood fracture and its model of fractal mechanics under the effect of dynamic load[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2016.
[29]钟建华,刘圣鑫,马寅生,等.页岩宏观破裂模式与微观破裂机理[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(2):242-250.ZHONG Jian-hua,LIU Sheng-xin,MA Yin-sheng,et al.Macro-fracture mode and micro-fracture mechanism of shale[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(2):242-250.
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