乡村旅游地发展过程中“公地悲剧”的演化与治理
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摘要
在乡村旅游地的发展过程中,乡村旅游资源的产权属性决定了"公地悲剧"产生的必然性,然而在旅游地生命周期规律的作用下",公地悲剧"的演化特征和对其在不同演化阶段治理的有效性并未深入探讨。文章以河南省岸上村为例,通过观察、访谈等定性研究方法,认为"公地悲剧"的表现并非一成不变,而是随着乡村旅游地的发展演化呈现出周期性的变化特征,其在不同阶段的产生原因和具体表现都有所差异,这是在旅游地生命周期规律的作用下而呈现出的演化特征。文章还同时指出,在乡村旅游地的发展过程中,一种固定的治理模式和制度安排是难以持续有效的,应该认识到旅游地生命周期作用下"公地悲剧"的演化规律,并针对不同演化阶段的"公地悲剧"现象采取不同的治理模式,其中,包括主导力量的转换、制度安排的改变等等,从而保证治理的持续有效性。
In the developing process of rural tourism destination",tragedy of the commons"is inevitable because of the property attribute of rural tourism resource. However, under the effect of tourism area life cycle law, the revolution features of"tragedy of the commons"and the effectiveness of governance in different stages are not discussed deeply. This paper takes Anshang village in Henan Province as case place, uses qualitative methods including observation and interview, proves that "tragedy of the commons"is variable, whose causes and performances in different stages are different, which is the revolution feature under the effect of tourism area life cycle law. In the early period of rural tourism development, villagers tend to increase supply of products as response to the fast growth of tourist quantity but seldom consider public goods such as destruction of public environment, abuse of public space and so on. So the"tragedy of the commons"is mainly manifested in the lack of public facilities.In the late stage, villagers tend to be in vicious competition response to stagnation or decline of tourists and oversupply of products, the response is based on the right of villagers to dispose their personal goods by themselves. So the"tragedy of the commons"is mainly manifested in the destruction of public order and public image. This paper also indicates that during the developing process of rural tourism destination, one constant governance pattern and institution arrangement cannot be lastingly effective. Scholars generally believe that governance models with different dominant power are applicable to different rural destinations. However, we should realize the revolution rules of"tragedy of the commons"under the effect of tourism area life cycle law and choose different governance patterns according to different"tragedy of the commons"in different revolution stages, including the transfer of leading force and adjustment of institution arrangement, in order to ensure the lasting efficiency of governance. In the existing research on"tragedy of the commons",in addition to government, market capital and villager organization can also exert governance capacity to deal with the emergence of"tragedy of the commons", which can be found in different rural development case. Therefore, in different evolution stages of"tragedy of the commons", which governance subject and solution way will be more effective are needed to contrast and discuss in subsequent studies.
In the developing process of rural tourism destination",tragedy of the commons"is inevitable because of the property attribute of rural tourism resource. However, under the effect of tourism area life cycle law, the revolution features of"tragedy of the commons"and the effectiveness of governance in different stages are not discussed deeply. This paper takes Anshang village in Henan Province as case place, uses qualitative methods including observation and interview, proves that "tragedy of the commons"is variable, whose causes and performances in different stages are different, which is the revolution feature under the effect of tourism area life cycle law. In the early period of rural tourism development, villagers tend to increase supply of products as response to the fast growth of tourist quantity but seldom consider public goods such as destruction of public environment, abuse of public space and so on. So the"tragedy of the commons"is mainly manifested in the lack of public facilities.In the late stage, villagers tend to be in vicious competition response to stagnation or decline of tourists and oversupply of products, the response is based on the right of villagers to dispose their personal goods by themselves. So the"tragedy of the commons"is mainly manifested in the destruction of public order and public image. This paper also indicates that during the developing process of rural tourism destination, one constant governance pattern and institution arrangement cannot be lastingly effective. Scholars generally believe that governance models with different dominant power are applicable to different rural destinations. However, we should realize the revolution rules of"tragedy of the commons"under the effect of tourism area life cycle law and choose different governance patterns according to different"tragedy of the commons"in different revolution stages, including the transfer of leading force and adjustment of institution arrangement, in order to ensure the lasting efficiency of governance. In the existing research on"tragedy of the commons",in addition to government, market capital and villager organization can also exert governance capacity to deal with the emergence of"tragedy of the commons", which can be found in different rural development case. Therefore, in different evolution stages of"tragedy of the commons", which governance subject and solution way will be more effective are needed to contrast and discuss in subsequent studies.
引文
[1]Hardin G.The tragedy of the commons[J].Science,1968:162(3):243-253.
[2]Olson M.The Logic of Collective Action:Public Goods and the Theory of Groups[M].Cambridge M A:Harvard University Press,1965:112.
[3]Prentice R.Tourism and Heritage Attraction[M].London:Routledge,1993:21.
[4]Oplhuls W.Leivathanor oblivion[A]//Daly H E.Toward a Steady State Economy[M].San Francisco:W H Freeman,1973:215-300.
[5]Lin Hongling.Institution,Economic Efficiency,Income Distribution[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press,2002:37.[林红玲.制度·经济效率·收入分配[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:37.]
[6]Elinor O.Governing the Commons:The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action[M].Yu Xunda,Chen Xudong,trans.Shanghai:Shanghai Sanlian Press,2000:20.[埃诺莉·奥斯特罗姆:公共事物的治理之道--集体行动制度的演进[M].余逊达,陈旭东,译.上海:上海三联书店,2000:20.]
[7]Ke Wugang,Shi Manfei.Institutional Economy:Social Order and Public Policy[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2000:58.[柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学--社会秩序与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000:58.]
[8]Guo Shusheng.The governance situation of Mountain Tai[J].Chinese Gardens,1999,(5):53-55.[郭树声.泰山风景名胜区管理现状[J].中国园林,1999,(5):53-55.]
[9]Hong Yinxing,Liu Jianping.Introduction of Public Economy[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press,2003:95.[洪银兴,刘建平.公共经济学导论[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:95.]
[10]Li Shumin,Guo Jianyou.Institutional analysis of governance system transformation in Mountain Hua[J].Tourism Tribune,2001,16(4):60-64.[李树民,郭建友.对华山风景名胜区管理体制变革的制度分析[J].旅游学刊,2001,16(4):60-64.]
[11]Ma Mei.Paradox of Public goods:Tourism product analysis of national parks[J].Tourism Tribune,2003,18(4):43-46.[马梅.公共产品悖论--国家公园旅游产品生产分析[J].旅游学刊,2003,18(4):43-46.]
[12]Peng Decheng.Governance Model of Tourism Destination in China[M].Beijing:China Travel&Tourism Press,2003:41.[彭德成.中国旅游景区治理模式[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2003:41.]
[13]Zhang Chaozhi,Bao Jigang,Xu Honggang.Tourism development and heritage management research:Public choice and institutional analysis:A study summary of heritage resource management[J].Tourism Tribune,2004,19(5):35-40.[张朝枝,保继刚,徐红罡.旅游发展与遗产管理研究:公共选择与制度分析的视角--兼遗产资源管理研究评述[J].旅游学刊,2004,19(5):35-40.]
[14]Chi Jing,Cui Fengjun.A study on“The tragedy of the commons”in the process of the development of rural tourism destination:Acase of Meijiawu,Longwucha and Shangougou in Hangzhou[J].Tourism Tribune,2006,21(7):17-23.[池静,崔凤军.乡村旅游地发展过程中的“公地悲剧”研究--以杭州梅家坞、龙坞茶村、山沟沟景区为例[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(7):17-23.]
[15]Zheng Qunming,Zhong Linsheng.Discussion of participatory rural tourism exploitation model[J].Tourism Tribune,2004,19(4):33-37.[郑群明,钟林生.参与式乡村旅游开发模式探讨[J].旅游学刊,2004,19(4):33-37.]
[16]Guo Lufang.Leisure Economics:Economic Analysis about Leisure Consumption[M].Hangzhou:Zhejing University Press,2005:10.[郭鲁芳.休闲经济学--休闲消费的经济分析[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005:10.]
[17]Lou Jiajun,Xu Aiping.Developing stages and feature in leisure era[J].Tourism Science,2009,23(1):61-66.[楼嘉军,徐爱萍.试论休闲时代发展阶段及特点[J].旅游科学,2009,23(1):61-66.]
[18]Zhou Daming,Guo Zhenglin.Discussion of rural urbanization of China[J].Social Science Front,1996,(5):100-108.[周大鸣,郭正林.论中国乡村都市化[J].社会科学战线,1996,(5):100-108.]
[19]Zhou Daming,Guo Zhenglin.Rural Urbanization of China[M].Guangzhou:Guangdong People.s Publishing House,1996:68.[周大鸣,郭正林.中国乡村都市化[M].广州:广东人民出版社,1996:68.]
[20]Sun Jiuxia,Bao Jigang.Tourism development and rural urbanization of the Dai National Minority community[J].Journals of South-central University For Nationalities,2006,26(2):40-44.[孙九霞,保继刚.旅游发展与傣族园社区的乡村都市化[J].中南民族大学学报,2006,26(2):40-44.]
[21]Bao Jigang,Meng Kai,Zhang Qianying.Rural urbanization led by tourism:A case of Li Village in Yangshuo[J].Geographic Research,2015,34(8):1422-1434.[保继刚,孟凯,章倩滢.旅游引导的乡村城市化--以阳朔历村为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(8):1422-1434.]
[22]Meng Kai.The driving force of rural urbanization led by tourism:A case of villages in Yuntai Mountain[J].Tropical Geography,2016,36(5):786-794.[孟凯.旅游发展引导下乡村城市化的驱动力--以云台山景区内乡村为例[J].热带地理,2016,36(5):786-794.]
[23]Li Houzhong.Research of“the tragedy of the commons”and“the tragedy of the anti-commons”in rural tourism development:A case of southern mountainous area in Jinan[J].Shandong Social Science,2011,(11):146-149.[李厚忠.乡村旅游地开发中的“公地悲剧”与“反公地悲剧”研究--以济南市南部山区为例[J].山东社会科学,2011,(11):146-149.]
[24]Zhang Xin.Understanding“the tragedy of the commons”and“the tragedy of the anti-commons”:An example of rural tourism resource[J].Technological Information,2009,(8):92-93.[张鑫.解读“公地悲剧”与“反公地悲剧”--以农村旅游资源为例[J].科技信息,2009,(8):92-93.]
[25]Weng Jin,Yang Kaizhong.Research of tourism industry organization“company+peasant household”modle of Chongdugou[J].Economic Survey,2004,(1):135-138.[翁瑾,杨开忠.重渡沟“景区公司+农户”的旅游产业组织模式研究[J].经济经纬,2004,(1):135-138.]
[26]Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.Governmentality and geography:Review and outlook[J].Human Geography,2015,30(5):1-8.[王丰龙,刘云刚.治理术与地理学:研究述评与展望.[J].人文地理,2015,30(5):1-8.]
[27]Hall C M.A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2011,19(4-5):437-457.
[28]Zhang C,Xiao H.Destination development in China:Towards an effective model of explanation[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2014,22(2):214-233.?7
[29]Zhou Daqing.Governance performance of tourism destination:Game between government and stakeholders[J].Economic Geography,2013,33(8):188-192.[周大庆.旅游景区治理绩效:政府与利益相关者的博弈[J].经济地理,2013,33(8):188-192.]
[30]Luo Jiade.Self-organization:The third governance model except market and hierarchies[J].Comparative Management,2010,2(2):1-12.[罗家德.自组织:市场与层级之外的第三种治理模式[J].比较管理,2010,2(2):1-12.]
[31]Butler R.The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution:Implications for the management of resources[J].Canadian Geographer,1980(24):5-12.
[32]Butler R.The Tourism Area Life Cycle Model:Applications and Modifications[M].Clevedon:Channel View Publications,2006:28.
[33]Bao Jigang,Chu Yifang.Tourism Geography(the 3rdEdition)[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012:137.[保继刚,楚义芳.旅游地理学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012:137.]
(1)茱萸糕是用山茱萸、面粉、花生、糖等材料加工,靠人工用木槌打制的一种糕点,是云台山特产之一。?
(1)缸和木槌是制作茱萸糕的主要工具。
[2]Olson M.The Logic of Collective Action:Public Goods and the Theory of Groups[M].Cambridge M A:Harvard University Press,1965:112.
[3]Prentice R.Tourism and Heritage Attraction[M].London:Routledge,1993:21.
[4]Oplhuls W.Leivathanor oblivion[A]//Daly H E.Toward a Steady State Economy[M].San Francisco:W H Freeman,1973:215-300.
[5]Lin Hongling.Institution,Economic Efficiency,Income Distribution[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press,2002:37.[林红玲.制度·经济效率·收入分配[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:37.]
[6]Elinor O.Governing the Commons:The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action[M].Yu Xunda,Chen Xudong,trans.Shanghai:Shanghai Sanlian Press,2000:20.[埃诺莉·奥斯特罗姆:公共事物的治理之道--集体行动制度的演进[M].余逊达,陈旭东,译.上海:上海三联书店,2000:20.]
[7]Ke Wugang,Shi Manfei.Institutional Economy:Social Order and Public Policy[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2000:58.[柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学--社会秩序与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000:58.]
[8]Guo Shusheng.The governance situation of Mountain Tai[J].Chinese Gardens,1999,(5):53-55.[郭树声.泰山风景名胜区管理现状[J].中国园林,1999,(5):53-55.]
[9]Hong Yinxing,Liu Jianping.Introduction of Public Economy[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press,2003:95.[洪银兴,刘建平.公共经济学导论[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:95.]
[10]Li Shumin,Guo Jianyou.Institutional analysis of governance system transformation in Mountain Hua[J].Tourism Tribune,2001,16(4):60-64.[李树民,郭建友.对华山风景名胜区管理体制变革的制度分析[J].旅游学刊,2001,16(4):60-64.]
[11]Ma Mei.Paradox of Public goods:Tourism product analysis of national parks[J].Tourism Tribune,2003,18(4):43-46.[马梅.公共产品悖论--国家公园旅游产品生产分析[J].旅游学刊,2003,18(4):43-46.]
[12]Peng Decheng.Governance Model of Tourism Destination in China[M].Beijing:China Travel&Tourism Press,2003:41.[彭德成.中国旅游景区治理模式[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2003:41.]
[13]Zhang Chaozhi,Bao Jigang,Xu Honggang.Tourism development and heritage management research:Public choice and institutional analysis:A study summary of heritage resource management[J].Tourism Tribune,2004,19(5):35-40.[张朝枝,保继刚,徐红罡.旅游发展与遗产管理研究:公共选择与制度分析的视角--兼遗产资源管理研究评述[J].旅游学刊,2004,19(5):35-40.]
[14]Chi Jing,Cui Fengjun.A study on“The tragedy of the commons”in the process of the development of rural tourism destination:Acase of Meijiawu,Longwucha and Shangougou in Hangzhou[J].Tourism Tribune,2006,21(7):17-23.[池静,崔凤军.乡村旅游地发展过程中的“公地悲剧”研究--以杭州梅家坞、龙坞茶村、山沟沟景区为例[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(7):17-23.]
[15]Zheng Qunming,Zhong Linsheng.Discussion of participatory rural tourism exploitation model[J].Tourism Tribune,2004,19(4):33-37.[郑群明,钟林生.参与式乡村旅游开发模式探讨[J].旅游学刊,2004,19(4):33-37.]
[16]Guo Lufang.Leisure Economics:Economic Analysis about Leisure Consumption[M].Hangzhou:Zhejing University Press,2005:10.[郭鲁芳.休闲经济学--休闲消费的经济分析[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005:10.]
[17]Lou Jiajun,Xu Aiping.Developing stages and feature in leisure era[J].Tourism Science,2009,23(1):61-66.[楼嘉军,徐爱萍.试论休闲时代发展阶段及特点[J].旅游科学,2009,23(1):61-66.]
[18]Zhou Daming,Guo Zhenglin.Discussion of rural urbanization of China[J].Social Science Front,1996,(5):100-108.[周大鸣,郭正林.论中国乡村都市化[J].社会科学战线,1996,(5):100-108.]
[19]Zhou Daming,Guo Zhenglin.Rural Urbanization of China[M].Guangzhou:Guangdong People.s Publishing House,1996:68.[周大鸣,郭正林.中国乡村都市化[M].广州:广东人民出版社,1996:68.]
[20]Sun Jiuxia,Bao Jigang.Tourism development and rural urbanization of the Dai National Minority community[J].Journals of South-central University For Nationalities,2006,26(2):40-44.[孙九霞,保继刚.旅游发展与傣族园社区的乡村都市化[J].中南民族大学学报,2006,26(2):40-44.]
[21]Bao Jigang,Meng Kai,Zhang Qianying.Rural urbanization led by tourism:A case of Li Village in Yangshuo[J].Geographic Research,2015,34(8):1422-1434.[保继刚,孟凯,章倩滢.旅游引导的乡村城市化--以阳朔历村为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(8):1422-1434.]
[22]Meng Kai.The driving force of rural urbanization led by tourism:A case of villages in Yuntai Mountain[J].Tropical Geography,2016,36(5):786-794.[孟凯.旅游发展引导下乡村城市化的驱动力--以云台山景区内乡村为例[J].热带地理,2016,36(5):786-794.]
[23]Li Houzhong.Research of“the tragedy of the commons”and“the tragedy of the anti-commons”in rural tourism development:A case of southern mountainous area in Jinan[J].Shandong Social Science,2011,(11):146-149.[李厚忠.乡村旅游地开发中的“公地悲剧”与“反公地悲剧”研究--以济南市南部山区为例[J].山东社会科学,2011,(11):146-149.]
[24]Zhang Xin.Understanding“the tragedy of the commons”and“the tragedy of the anti-commons”:An example of rural tourism resource[J].Technological Information,2009,(8):92-93.[张鑫.解读“公地悲剧”与“反公地悲剧”--以农村旅游资源为例[J].科技信息,2009,(8):92-93.]
[25]Weng Jin,Yang Kaizhong.Research of tourism industry organization“company+peasant household”modle of Chongdugou[J].Economic Survey,2004,(1):135-138.[翁瑾,杨开忠.重渡沟“景区公司+农户”的旅游产业组织模式研究[J].经济经纬,2004,(1):135-138.]
[26]Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.Governmentality and geography:Review and outlook[J].Human Geography,2015,30(5):1-8.[王丰龙,刘云刚.治理术与地理学:研究述评与展望.[J].人文地理,2015,30(5):1-8.]
[27]Hall C M.A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2011,19(4-5):437-457.
[28]Zhang C,Xiao H.Destination development in China:Towards an effective model of explanation[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2014,22(2):214-233.?7
[29]Zhou Daqing.Governance performance of tourism destination:Game between government and stakeholders[J].Economic Geography,2013,33(8):188-192.[周大庆.旅游景区治理绩效:政府与利益相关者的博弈[J].经济地理,2013,33(8):188-192.]
[30]Luo Jiade.Self-organization:The third governance model except market and hierarchies[J].Comparative Management,2010,2(2):1-12.[罗家德.自组织:市场与层级之外的第三种治理模式[J].比较管理,2010,2(2):1-12.]
[31]Butler R.The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution:Implications for the management of resources[J].Canadian Geographer,1980(24):5-12.
[32]Butler R.The Tourism Area Life Cycle Model:Applications and Modifications[M].Clevedon:Channel View Publications,2006:28.
[33]Bao Jigang,Chu Yifang.Tourism Geography(the 3rdEdition)[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012:137.[保继刚,楚义芳.旅游地理学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012:137.]
(1)茱萸糕是用山茱萸、面粉、花生、糖等材料加工,靠人工用木槌打制的一种糕点,是云台山特产之一。?
(1)缸和木槌是制作茱萸糕的主要工具。