连续降雨下不同砾石含量工程堆积体土壤侵蚀
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摘要
为探究砾石对工程堆积体土壤侵蚀的影响与其作用机制,通过室内模拟降雨研究了连续降雨下不同砾石含量的重壤质堆积体水蚀过程。结果表明:①堆积体砾石含量增加,坡面产流历时延长,产流率线性减小,土壤剥蚀率降低;②连续降雨下,堆积体所含砾石主要通过对坡面产流历时、坡面产流率、砾石覆盖率的多重影响发挥减沙作用,主成分回归方程可表达多个变量与平均土壤剥蚀率的关系;③一定砾石含量下,堆积体坡面砾石覆盖率随表土的剥离而增大,导致土壤剥蚀率呈指数函数递减趋势,并与累积土壤侵蚀总量存在较好的函数关系。工程堆积体所含砾石对土壤侵蚀程度的削减可为生产建设项目下垫面水土保持治理提供重要参考。
To examine the effects of rock fragment contents of spoil heaps on hydrological and sediment yielding processes,multiple simulated rainfall experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The results showed that,as the rock fragment content in the spoil heap increased,the duration of runoff generation on the slope was prolonged,the rate of runoff decreased linearly,and the soil detachment rate decreased. Under multiple rainfall events,rock fragments in spoil heaps decreased sediment yield primarily through the effects on runoff generation duration,runoff rate and rock fragment cover,and principal component regression could express the relationship between these factors and the average soil detachment rate. Under a certain rock fragment content,as surface soil was detached under multiple rainfall events,the rock fragment cover increased,which caused the soil detachment rate to decrease exponentially and also had a significant functional relationship with the accumulated total soil loss. The erosion reduction effect of the rock fragments contained in the spoil heaps can provide an important reference for water and soil conservation of the underlying surface of production and construction projects.
To examine the effects of rock fragment contents of spoil heaps on hydrological and sediment yielding processes,multiple simulated rainfall experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The results showed that,as the rock fragment content in the spoil heap increased,the duration of runoff generation on the slope was prolonged,the rate of runoff decreased linearly,and the soil detachment rate decreased. Under multiple rainfall events,rock fragments in spoil heaps decreased sediment yield primarily through the effects on runoff generation duration,runoff rate and rock fragment cover,and principal component regression could express the relationship between these factors and the average soil detachment rate. Under a certain rock fragment content,as surface soil was detached under multiple rainfall events,the rock fragment cover increased,which caused the soil detachment rate to decrease exponentially and also had a significant functional relationship with the accumulated total soil loss. The erosion reduction effect of the rock fragments contained in the spoil heaps can provide an important reference for water and soil conservation of the underlying surface of production and construction projects.
引文
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[14] 王慧芳,邵明安,王明玉.小碎石与细土混合介质的导水特性[J].土壤学报,2010,47(6):1086-1093.(WANG H F,SHAO M A,WANG M Y.Hydraulic conductivity of mixtures of rock fragments and fine earth [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(6):1086-1093.(in Chinese))
[15] ZHOU B B,SHAO M A,SHAO H B.Effects of rock fragments on water movement and solute transport in a Loess Plateau soil [J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience,2009,341:462- 472.
[16] SHI Z J,XU L H,WANG Y H,et al.Effect of rock fragments on macropores and water effluent in a forest soil in the stony mountains of the Loess Plateau,China [J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2012,11:9350- 9361.
[17] ABRAHAMS A D,GAO P,AEBLY F A.Relation of sediment transport capacity to stone cover and size in rain-impacted interrill flow [J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,2015,25:497-504.
[18] ZAVALA L M,JORDAN A,BELLINFANTE N.Relationships between rock fragment cover and soil hydrological response in a Mediterranean environment [J].Soil Science & Plant Nutrition,2010,56:95-104.
[19] 史倩华,王文龙,郭明明,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石红壤工程堆积体产流产沙过程[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2673-2680.(SHI Q H,WANG W L,GUO M M,et al.Runoff and sediment yielding processes on red soil engineering accumulation containing gravels by a simulated rainfall experiment [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(9):2673-2680.(in Chinese))
[20] 李建明,王文龙,黄鹏飞,等.黄土区生产建设工程堆积体石砾对侵蚀产沙影响[J].泥沙研究,2014(4):10-17.(LI J M,WANG W L,HUANG P F,et al.Impact on erosion and sediment yield by gravel in pile body of development construction in Loess Area [J].Journal of Sediment Research,2014(4):10-17.(in Chinese))
[21] 王雪松,谢永生,陈曦,等.砾石对赣北红土工程锥状堆积体侵蚀规律的影响[J].泥沙研究,2015(1):67-74.(WANG X S,XIE Y S,CHEN X,et al.Effects of rock fragment on soil erosion rule of engineering pyramidal accumulation in Northern Jiangxi [J].Journal of Sediment Research,2015(1):67-74.(in Chinese))
[22] 戎玉博,骆汉,谢永生,等.雨强对工程堆积体侵蚀规律和细沟发育的影响[J].泥沙研究,2016(6):12-18.(RONG Y B,LUO H,XIE Y S,et al.Effect of rainfall intensity on erosion and rill evolution of engineering piles [J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(6):12-18.(in Chinese))
[23] FANG H Y,SUN L Y,TANG Z H.Effects of rainfall and slope on runoff,soil erosion and rill development:an experimental study using two loess soils [J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29:2649-2658.
[24] 王林华,汪亚峰,王健,等.地表粗糙度对黄土坡面产流机制的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(5):120-128.(WANG L H,WANG Y F,WANG J,et al.Effects of soil surface roughness on runoff generation mechanism on loess slope [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(5):120-128.(in Chinese))
[25] 毛天旭,朱元骏,邵明安,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石土壤的坡面产流和入渗特征[J].土壤通报,2011,42(5):1214-1218.(MAO T X,ZHU Y J,SHAO M A,et al.Characteristics of runoff and infiltration in stony soils under simulated rainfall conditions [J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(5):1214-1218.(in Chinese))
[26] NASRI B,FOUCHE O,TORRI D.Coupling published pedotransfer functions for the estimation of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity in stony soils [J].Catena,2015,131:99-108.
[27] 王雪松,陈曦,马洪超,等.赣北红土区工程堆积体坡面水动力特性[J].水科学进展,2016,27(3):412- 422.(WANG X S,CHEN X,MA H C,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of engineering spoil bank slopes in the red soil region of Northern Jiangxi province,China [J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(3):412-422.(in Chinese))
[2] 赵暄,谢永生,景民晓,等.生产建设项目弃土堆置体下垫面仿真模拟标准化参数[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):229-234.(ZHAO X,XIE Y S,JING M X,et al.Standardization parameter for spoilbank underlying surface simulation of development construction project [J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(5):229-234.(in Chinese))
[3] CERDA A.Effects of rock fragment cover on soil infiltration,interrill runoff and erosion [J].European Journal of Soil Science,2010,52:59- 68.
[4] COUSIN I,NICOULLAUD B,COUTADEUR C.Influence of rock fragments on the water retention and water percolation in a calcareous soil [J].Catena,2003,53:97-114.
[5] NEARING M A,POLYAKOV V O,NICHOLS M H,et al.Slope-Velocity-Equilibrium and evolution of surface roughness on a stony hillslope [J].Hydrology & Earth System Sciences,2017,21:3221-3229.
[6] BUNTE K,POESEN J.Effects of rock fragment covers on erosion and transport of noncohesive sediment by shallow overland flow [J].Water Resources Research,2010,29:1415-1424.
[7] WANG X Y,LI Z X,CAI C F,et al.Effects of rock fragment cover on hydrological response and soil loss from Regosols in a semi-humid environment in South-West China [J].Geomorphology,2012,151/152:234-242.
[8] CHOW T L,REES H W.Effects of coarse-fragment content and size on soil erosion under simulated rainfall [J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1995,75:227-232.
[9] URBANEK E,SHAKESBY R A.Impact of stone content on water movement in water-repellent sand [J].European Journal of Soil Science,2010,60:412- 419.
[10] NOVAK V,KNAVA K,SIMUNEK J.Determining the influence of stones on hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils using numerical method [J].Geoderma,2011,161:177-181.
[11] RIEKE-ZAPP D,POESEN J,NEARING M A.Effects of rock fragments incorporated in the soil matrix on concentrated flow hydraulics and erosion [J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,2010,32:1063-1076.
[12] ZHOU B B,SHAO M A,WANG Q J,et al.Effects of different rock fragment contents and sizes on solute transport in soil columns[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2011,10:386-393.
[13] 王小燕,王天巍,蔡崇法,等.含碎石紫色土坡面降雨入渗和产流产沙过程[J].水科学进展,2014,25(2):189-195.(WANG X Y,WANG T W,CAI C F,et al.Processes of rainfall infiltration,runoff and sediment yield on purple soil slope containing rock fragments [J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(2):189-195.(in Chinese))
[14] 王慧芳,邵明安,王明玉.小碎石与细土混合介质的导水特性[J].土壤学报,2010,47(6):1086-1093.(WANG H F,SHAO M A,WANG M Y.Hydraulic conductivity of mixtures of rock fragments and fine earth [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(6):1086-1093.(in Chinese))
[15] ZHOU B B,SHAO M A,SHAO H B.Effects of rock fragments on water movement and solute transport in a Loess Plateau soil [J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience,2009,341:462- 472.
[16] SHI Z J,XU L H,WANG Y H,et al.Effect of rock fragments on macropores and water effluent in a forest soil in the stony mountains of the Loess Plateau,China [J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2012,11:9350- 9361.
[17] ABRAHAMS A D,GAO P,AEBLY F A.Relation of sediment transport capacity to stone cover and size in rain-impacted interrill flow [J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,2015,25:497-504.
[18] ZAVALA L M,JORDAN A,BELLINFANTE N.Relationships between rock fragment cover and soil hydrological response in a Mediterranean environment [J].Soil Science & Plant Nutrition,2010,56:95-104.
[19] 史倩华,王文龙,郭明明,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石红壤工程堆积体产流产沙过程[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2673-2680.(SHI Q H,WANG W L,GUO M M,et al.Runoff and sediment yielding processes on red soil engineering accumulation containing gravels by a simulated rainfall experiment [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(9):2673-2680.(in Chinese))
[20] 李建明,王文龙,黄鹏飞,等.黄土区生产建设工程堆积体石砾对侵蚀产沙影响[J].泥沙研究,2014(4):10-17.(LI J M,WANG W L,HUANG P F,et al.Impact on erosion and sediment yield by gravel in pile body of development construction in Loess Area [J].Journal of Sediment Research,2014(4):10-17.(in Chinese))
[21] 王雪松,谢永生,陈曦,等.砾石对赣北红土工程锥状堆积体侵蚀规律的影响[J].泥沙研究,2015(1):67-74.(WANG X S,XIE Y S,CHEN X,et al.Effects of rock fragment on soil erosion rule of engineering pyramidal accumulation in Northern Jiangxi [J].Journal of Sediment Research,2015(1):67-74.(in Chinese))
[22] 戎玉博,骆汉,谢永生,等.雨强对工程堆积体侵蚀规律和细沟发育的影响[J].泥沙研究,2016(6):12-18.(RONG Y B,LUO H,XIE Y S,et al.Effect of rainfall intensity on erosion and rill evolution of engineering piles [J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(6):12-18.(in Chinese))
[23] FANG H Y,SUN L Y,TANG Z H.Effects of rainfall and slope on runoff,soil erosion and rill development:an experimental study using two loess soils [J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29:2649-2658.
[24] 王林华,汪亚峰,王健,等.地表粗糙度对黄土坡面产流机制的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(5):120-128.(WANG L H,WANG Y F,WANG J,et al.Effects of soil surface roughness on runoff generation mechanism on loess slope [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(5):120-128.(in Chinese))
[25] 毛天旭,朱元骏,邵明安,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石土壤的坡面产流和入渗特征[J].土壤通报,2011,42(5):1214-1218.(MAO T X,ZHU Y J,SHAO M A,et al.Characteristics of runoff and infiltration in stony soils under simulated rainfall conditions [J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(5):1214-1218.(in Chinese))
[26] NASRI B,FOUCHE O,TORRI D.Coupling published pedotransfer functions for the estimation of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity in stony soils [J].Catena,2015,131:99-108.
[27] 王雪松,陈曦,马洪超,等.赣北红土区工程堆积体坡面水动力特性[J].水科学进展,2016,27(3):412- 422.(WANG X S,CHEN X,MA H C,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of engineering spoil bank slopes in the red soil region of Northern Jiangxi province,China [J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(3):412-422.(in Chinese))