河西走廊地区线性土遗址阴阳坡掏蚀区差异效应研究
|
摘要
底部掏蚀区的形成和发展是干旱区受环境因素控制最为典型和危害最为普遍的土遗址病害之一,通过对河西走廊沿线12市县明长城遗址掏蚀区形态、盐分、干湿条件及风场特征的调查、监测与分析,发现了遗址阴阳坡掏蚀区的形态、含盐状态、风场条件和降雨过程中的温湿度变化均存在显著差异;并结合室内实验条件下脱盐后分别掺入不同含量NaCl和Na_2SO_4并经历3、6、9、12次干湿循环养护的遗址土重塑试样的风洞模拟实验,提出干旱地区土遗址阴阳坡掏蚀区差异效应,揭示了盐分类型与含量、干湿循环次数、挟沙风风速和吹蚀时间对土遗址阴阳坡掏蚀区差异效应的影响,最后结合调查分析和实验结果对其形成机理进行了初步讨论。
The formation and development of bottom undercutting area are one disease of soil sites,which is the most typical and common disease affected by environmental. This paper investigates,monitors and analyses the morphology,salinity,dry-wet conditions and wind field characters of the Great Wall on Ming Dynasty ruins in 12 cities along the Hexi Corridor. It finds that the morphology,salinity,wind field characters and temperaturehumidity change in the process of rainfall are significantly different at the site of shady and sunny slopes of the undercutting area. Based on the results of wind tunnel simulation experiment,in which remodeling samples desalinated and mixed with different contents of Na Cl and Na2SO4 and undergoing 3,6,9,12 dry-moisture cycles,differential effect in the site of shady and sunny slopes of the undercutting area of earthen ruins in arid region is proposed. It also reveals the influences of salt type and content,number of wet and dry cycles,wind velocity andtime of blowing on differential effect. Finally,the formation mechanism of differential effects is discussed with the results of investigation analysis and experiment.
The formation and development of bottom undercutting area are one disease of soil sites,which is the most typical and common disease affected by environmental. This paper investigates,monitors and analyses the morphology,salinity,dry-wet conditions and wind field characters of the Great Wall on Ming Dynasty ruins in 12 cities along the Hexi Corridor. It finds that the morphology,salinity,wind field characters and temperaturehumidity change in the process of rainfall are significantly different at the site of shady and sunny slopes of the undercutting area. Based on the results of wind tunnel simulation experiment,in which remodeling samples desalinated and mixed with different contents of Na Cl and Na2SO4 and undergoing 3,6,9,12 dry-moisture cycles,differential effect in the site of shady and sunny slopes of the undercutting area of earthen ruins in arid region is proposed. It also reveals the influences of salt type and content,number of wet and dry cycles,wind velocity andtime of blowing on differential effect. Finally,the formation mechanism of differential effects is discussed with the results of investigation analysis and experiment.
引文
Buschiazzo D E,Zobeck T M,Abascal S A.2007.Wind erosion quantit and quality of an Entic Haplustoll of the semi-arid pampas o Argentina[J].Journal of Arid Environments,69(1):29~39.
Cui K,Chen W W,Han W F,et al.2009.Effects of differences wind erosion for multivariate layered steep soil slope[J].Chinese Journa of Geotechnical Engineering,31(9):1421~1426.
Cui K,Chen W W,Han L,et al.2011.Effects of salinized deterioration and a eolian ullage on soils in undercutting area of earthen ruins in arid region[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,33(9):1413~1418.
Chen W W,Su N,Yang G.2016.Effect of wind field on sapping quantit of earthen architecture ruins along ridge of semi-humid area[J]Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,38(2):305~310.
Gong B W,Zhou X W,Zhou W H.2006.Test on suction and strength o expansive soil in a disorption-absorption cycle of moisture[J]Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,28(2):207~209.
Hu W.2014.Development characteristics and influences of rammed earthen sites basal sapping diseases[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University.
He W Q,Zhao C X,Gao W S,et al.2005.Main affecting factors of soi wind erosion under different landuse patterns-A case study in Wuchuan County,Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,16(11):2092~2096.
Kevin H,Alida H.1996.Weathering by wetting-drying:Some experimental results[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,21:365~376.
Li Z X.2003.Conservation of ancient sites on the silk Road[M].Beijing:China Sicence Press:234~238.
Qu J J,Wang T,Dong Z B,et al.2004.Sandstorm wind tunnel simulation experiment reviewed[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,18(S1):109~115.
Rong J F,Zhang H T,Mao N.2004.Study on the changing laws of windblown mass affected by wind speed[J].Agricultural Research in the Aid Areas,22(2):149~153.
Sadisun I A,Shimada H,Ichinose M.2005.Study on the physical disintegration characteristics of Subang claystone subjected to a modified slaking index test[J].Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,23:199~218.
Tsui N,Flatt R J,Scherer G W.2003.Crystallization damage by sodium sulfate[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,4(2):109~115.
Wang X D,Shi Y C,Liu K,et al.2011.Research on sapping instability mechanism for rammed wall[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,33(S):381~385.
Yao Z Y,Wang T,Cheng G T et al.2006.Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of windy days in recent 40 years in Hexi region Gansu province[J].Journal of Desert Research,26(1):65~70.
Yan G S,Zhang H Y,Wang X D,et al.2007.Analysis of Main Influence Factors of Wind Erosion of Ancient Earthen Architecture[J].Dunhuang Research,(5):78~82.
Yi X Y,Zhao H L,Zhang T H,et al.2005.Influence of Wind-sand flow on soil erosion[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,19(3):58~61.
Zhang M Q,Ma K J,Liu C,et al.2013.Analysis and numerical calculations of stability on ancient city wall under various sapping depths[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,35(1):133~138.
Zhang S S,Xie Y L,Yang X H,et al.2010.Research on microstructure of crude coarse grain saline soil under freezing and thawing cycles[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,31(1):123~127.
Zhang H Y,Yan G S,Zhao T Y,et al.2011.Durability of earthen architecture ruins under cyclic wetting and drying[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,32(2):347~355.
Zhang F Z,Chen X P.2010.Influence of repeated drying and wetting cycles on mechanical behaviors of unsaturated soil[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,32(1):41~46.
崔凯,谌文武,韩文峰,等.2009.多元层状陡立土质边坡差异性风蚀效应研究[J].岩土工程学报,31(9):1421~1426.
崔凯,谌文武,韩琳,等.2011.干旱区土遗址掏蚀区土盐渍劣化与风蚀耗损效应[J].岩土工程学报,33(9):1412~1418.
谌文武,苏娜,杨光.2016.风场对半湿润山脊土遗址掏蚀量的影响[J].岩土工程学报,38(2):305~310.
龚壁卫,周小文,周武华.2006.干-湿循环过程中吸力与强度关系研究[J].岩土工程学报,28(2):207~209.
胡玮.2014.夯土遗址掏蚀病害发育特征与影响因素研究[D].兰州:兰州大学.
何文清,赵彩霞,高旺盛,等.2005.不同土地利用方式下土壤风蚀主要影响因子研究---以内蒙古武川县为例[J].应用生态学报,16(11):2092~2096.
李最雄.2003.丝绸之路古遗址保护[M].北京:科学出版社:234~238.
屈建军,王涛,董治宝,等.2004.沙尘暴风洞模拟实验的综述[J].干旱区资源与环境,18(增刊):109~115.
荣姣凤,张海涛,毛宁.2004.土壤风蚀量随风速的变化规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,22(2):149~154.
王旭东,石玉成,刘琨,等.2011.夯土长城墙体掏蚀失稳机理研究[J].西北地震学报,33(增刊):381~385.
姚正毅,王涛,陈广庭,等.2006.近40a甘肃河西地区大风日数时空分布特征[J].中国沙漠,26(1):65~70.
严耿升,张虎元,王旭东,等.2007.古代生土建筑风蚀的主要影响因素分析[J].敦煌研究,(5):78~82.
移小勇,赵哈林,张铜会,等.2005.挟沙风对土壤风蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,19(3):58~61.
张明泉,马可婧,刘灿,等.2013.不同掏蚀深度下古城墙的稳定性数值分析[J].地震工程学报,35(1):133~138.
张莎莎,谢永利,杨晓华,等.2010.典型天然粗粒盐渍土盐胀微观机制分析[J].岩土力学,31(1):123~127.
张虎元,严耿升,赵天宇,等.2011.土建筑遗址干湿耐久性研究[J].岩土力学,32(2):347~355.
张芳枝,陈晓平.2010.反复干湿循环对非饱和土的力学特性影响研究[J].岩土工程学报,32(1):41~46.
Cui K,Chen W W,Han W F,et al.2009.Effects of differences wind erosion for multivariate layered steep soil slope[J].Chinese Journa of Geotechnical Engineering,31(9):1421~1426.
Cui K,Chen W W,Han L,et al.2011.Effects of salinized deterioration and a eolian ullage on soils in undercutting area of earthen ruins in arid region[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,33(9):1413~1418.
Chen W W,Su N,Yang G.2016.Effect of wind field on sapping quantit of earthen architecture ruins along ridge of semi-humid area[J]Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,38(2):305~310.
Gong B W,Zhou X W,Zhou W H.2006.Test on suction and strength o expansive soil in a disorption-absorption cycle of moisture[J]Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,28(2):207~209.
Hu W.2014.Development characteristics and influences of rammed earthen sites basal sapping diseases[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University.
He W Q,Zhao C X,Gao W S,et al.2005.Main affecting factors of soi wind erosion under different landuse patterns-A case study in Wuchuan County,Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,16(11):2092~2096.
Kevin H,Alida H.1996.Weathering by wetting-drying:Some experimental results[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,21:365~376.
Li Z X.2003.Conservation of ancient sites on the silk Road[M].Beijing:China Sicence Press:234~238.
Qu J J,Wang T,Dong Z B,et al.2004.Sandstorm wind tunnel simulation experiment reviewed[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,18(S1):109~115.
Rong J F,Zhang H T,Mao N.2004.Study on the changing laws of windblown mass affected by wind speed[J].Agricultural Research in the Aid Areas,22(2):149~153.
Sadisun I A,Shimada H,Ichinose M.2005.Study on the physical disintegration characteristics of Subang claystone subjected to a modified slaking index test[J].Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,23:199~218.
Tsui N,Flatt R J,Scherer G W.2003.Crystallization damage by sodium sulfate[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,4(2):109~115.
Wang X D,Shi Y C,Liu K,et al.2011.Research on sapping instability mechanism for rammed wall[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,33(S):381~385.
Yao Z Y,Wang T,Cheng G T et al.2006.Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of windy days in recent 40 years in Hexi region Gansu province[J].Journal of Desert Research,26(1):65~70.
Yan G S,Zhang H Y,Wang X D,et al.2007.Analysis of Main Influence Factors of Wind Erosion of Ancient Earthen Architecture[J].Dunhuang Research,(5):78~82.
Yi X Y,Zhao H L,Zhang T H,et al.2005.Influence of Wind-sand flow on soil erosion[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,19(3):58~61.
Zhang M Q,Ma K J,Liu C,et al.2013.Analysis and numerical calculations of stability on ancient city wall under various sapping depths[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,35(1):133~138.
Zhang S S,Xie Y L,Yang X H,et al.2010.Research on microstructure of crude coarse grain saline soil under freezing and thawing cycles[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,31(1):123~127.
Zhang H Y,Yan G S,Zhao T Y,et al.2011.Durability of earthen architecture ruins under cyclic wetting and drying[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,32(2):347~355.
Zhang F Z,Chen X P.2010.Influence of repeated drying and wetting cycles on mechanical behaviors of unsaturated soil[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,32(1):41~46.
崔凯,谌文武,韩文峰,等.2009.多元层状陡立土质边坡差异性风蚀效应研究[J].岩土工程学报,31(9):1421~1426.
崔凯,谌文武,韩琳,等.2011.干旱区土遗址掏蚀区土盐渍劣化与风蚀耗损效应[J].岩土工程学报,33(9):1412~1418.
谌文武,苏娜,杨光.2016.风场对半湿润山脊土遗址掏蚀量的影响[J].岩土工程学报,38(2):305~310.
龚壁卫,周小文,周武华.2006.干-湿循环过程中吸力与强度关系研究[J].岩土工程学报,28(2):207~209.
胡玮.2014.夯土遗址掏蚀病害发育特征与影响因素研究[D].兰州:兰州大学.
何文清,赵彩霞,高旺盛,等.2005.不同土地利用方式下土壤风蚀主要影响因子研究---以内蒙古武川县为例[J].应用生态学报,16(11):2092~2096.
李最雄.2003.丝绸之路古遗址保护[M].北京:科学出版社:234~238.
屈建军,王涛,董治宝,等.2004.沙尘暴风洞模拟实验的综述[J].干旱区资源与环境,18(增刊):109~115.
荣姣凤,张海涛,毛宁.2004.土壤风蚀量随风速的变化规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,22(2):149~154.
王旭东,石玉成,刘琨,等.2011.夯土长城墙体掏蚀失稳机理研究[J].西北地震学报,33(增刊):381~385.
姚正毅,王涛,陈广庭,等.2006.近40a甘肃河西地区大风日数时空分布特征[J].中国沙漠,26(1):65~70.
严耿升,张虎元,王旭东,等.2007.古代生土建筑风蚀的主要影响因素分析[J].敦煌研究,(5):78~82.
移小勇,赵哈林,张铜会,等.2005.挟沙风对土壤风蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,19(3):58~61.
张明泉,马可婧,刘灿,等.2013.不同掏蚀深度下古城墙的稳定性数值分析[J].地震工程学报,35(1):133~138.
张莎莎,谢永利,杨晓华,等.2010.典型天然粗粒盐渍土盐胀微观机制分析[J].岩土力学,31(1):123~127.
张虎元,严耿升,赵天宇,等.2011.土建筑遗址干湿耐久性研究[J].岩土力学,32(2):347~355.
张芳枝,陈晓平.2010.反复干湿循环对非饱和土的力学特性影响研究[J].岩土工程学报,32(1):41~46.