末次冰盛期中国人类活动的响应与适应
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摘要
末次冰盛期(LGM)是地质历史时期一个极端干冷的典型模态,气候恶化,中国剧烈降温,降温幅度自南向北依次增大,华中、华北年均温较今低8～10℃;降水普遍减少,北方年均降水量只有现代的30%～40%,长江以南地区为现代的60%～80%。因气候恶化,植被净初级生产力(NPP)减少,资源密度也下降,中国北方人类活动迅速衰弱,遗址数量较MIS3和PG时期明显减少,遗址分布南缩;同时狩猎采集出现迁移更频繁、流动性更强的行为模式。LGM中国自然带系统南移,当时遗址主要分布在华北和黄土高原中南部的温带草原,以及东北的寒温带森林-草原带;同时随着自然带与猛犸象动物群的南移,西伯利亚人群南迁,带来了新兴的适用于草原环境的细石器技术,是北方人类对LGM恶化环境的调整与适应的重要体现。为适应LGM中国长江中下游冷湿的环境,发明了陶器,是南方人类在LGM深化资源的加工过程和扩大资源利用范围的具体体现。
LGM is a typical form of extreme dry and cold in environmental evolution. China is one of the most concentrated and continuous areas of human activity in the world. It is of great scientific significance to study the response and adaptation of Chinese human beings to LGM. Climate deterioration During the LGM period, all areas of China were drastically cooled and the cooling rate increased from south to north. The average temperature in the central and northern regions is 8～10°C below the current temperature. Precipitation is generally reduced, the average annual precipitation in the north only 30%～40%. Precipitation in the south of the Yangtze River is only 60%～80% of the modern precipitation. Due to the deterioration of the climate, resulting in decreased vegetation NPP and resource density also decreased. Human activities in northern China are rapidly weakening, and the number of sites is significantly reduced compared with MIS3 and PG periods. At the same time, hunting has developed a more frequent, more mobile behavior model. During the LGM period, China's natural belt moved south as a whole. At that time the sites were mainly distributed in the temperate grasslands of the north of China and south of the Loess Plateau, and the northeastern temperate forest-grassland. At the same time, natural bands, mammoth fauna and Siberian populations migrate southward, accompanied by the microlithic technology suitable for the grassland environment. The rapid spread of microlithic technology in northern China is an important manifestation of the adjustment and adaptation of LGM's deteriorating environment in northern China. To adapt to the LGM period of China's Yangtze River in the middle and lower reaches of the cold and humid environment and invented the pottery. This is the southern region in the LGM period to deepen the resources and expand the specific embodiment of resources. However, the spread of pottery in East Asia is closely related to the environmental events such as the extrapolation of the LGM coastline.
LGM is a typical form of extreme dry and cold in environmental evolution. China is one of the most concentrated and continuous areas of human activity in the world. It is of great scientific significance to study the response and adaptation of Chinese human beings to LGM. Climate deterioration During the LGM period, all areas of China were drastically cooled and the cooling rate increased from south to north. The average temperature in the central and northern regions is 8～10°C below the current temperature. Precipitation is generally reduced, the average annual precipitation in the north only 30%～40%. Precipitation in the south of the Yangtze River is only 60%～80% of the modern precipitation. Due to the deterioration of the climate, resulting in decreased vegetation NPP and resource density also decreased. Human activities in northern China are rapidly weakening, and the number of sites is significantly reduced compared with MIS3 and PG periods. At the same time, hunting has developed a more frequent, more mobile behavior model. During the LGM period, China's natural belt moved south as a whole. At that time the sites were mainly distributed in the temperate grasslands of the north of China and south of the Loess Plateau, and the northeastern temperate forest-grassland. At the same time, natural bands, mammoth fauna and Siberian populations migrate southward, accompanied by the microlithic technology suitable for the grassland environment. The rapid spread of microlithic technology in northern China is an important manifestation of the adjustment and adaptation of LGM's deteriorating environment in northern China. To adapt to the LGM period of China's Yangtze River in the middle and lower reaches of the cold and humid environment and invented the pottery. This is the southern region in the LGM period to deepen the resources and expand the specific embodiment of resources. However, the spread of pottery in East Asia is closely related to the environmental events such as the extrapolation of the LGM coastline.
引文
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Li X Q,Shang X,Dodson J and Zhou X Y.2009.Holocene agriculture in the Guanzhong Basin in NW China indicated by pollen and charcoal evidence.Holocene,19:1213-1220.
Madsen D B,Chen F H and Gao X.2007.Changing views of Late Quaternary human adaptation in arid China.In:Madsen D B,Chen F Hand Gao X.Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China.Amsterdam:Elsevier,227-232.
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