中全新世仰韶文化扩张的环境背景
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摘要
黄河流域新石器文化在仰韶时期迅速扩张,由先前的以渭河流域为中心扩张到西至青海东部,东达黄河下游地区,北抵内蒙古长城一线,南至汉水流域的广大地区。全新世大暖期暖湿的气候条件与仰韶文化的迅速扩张关系密切。仰韶时期,黄土高原年均气温较现代高约2℃,年降水高出现代约100 mm,季风强劲,降水增加,400 mm等降水量线较现代向西北内陆推进200 km左右,黍粟作种植的范围扩大,仰韶文化相应扩张。400 mm等降水量线成为仰韶文化扩张的西界,也是全新世大暖期仰韶黍粟作种植区和北方细石器狩猎—采集区分界线。
Yangshao culture is the representative of the Holocene Neolithic culture in the north of China. The Neolithic culture in Yellow River Basin expanded quickly in the Yangshao period, from the previous Weihe River valley in the west to eastern Qinghai, east to the lower reaches of Yellow River, north to Chifeng of Inner Mongolia, and south to most parts of Hanshui River valley. The warm and wet Holocene megathermal climate conditions were closely related to the quick expansion of the Yangshao culture. In the Yangshao period, as the powerful monsoon increased rainfall, the 400 mm isohyet moved towards northwest about 200 km. This means that the northern monsoon boundary system has expanded to the northwest inland, resulting in the expansion of the cultivation of the millet, and the Yangshao culture,which is characterized by millet cultivation, has also expanded accordingly. The 400 mm isohyet became the west boundary of Yangshao culture expansion, as well as the boundary of Yangshao millet planting area and north microliths hunting-gathering area in the Holocene megathermal. The summer monsoon in northern China in the mid-Holocene period increased.The expansion of the monsoon to the interior led to the expansion of Yangshao culture in northern China. The expanded Yangshao culture also laid the early form of the relatively unified Chinese civilization, and eventually became one of the important sources of Chinese civilization.
Yangshao culture is the representative of the Holocene Neolithic culture in the north of China. The Neolithic culture in Yellow River Basin expanded quickly in the Yangshao period, from the previous Weihe River valley in the west to eastern Qinghai, east to the lower reaches of Yellow River, north to Chifeng of Inner Mongolia, and south to most parts of Hanshui River valley. The warm and wet Holocene megathermal climate conditions were closely related to the quick expansion of the Yangshao culture. In the Yangshao period, as the powerful monsoon increased rainfall, the 400 mm isohyet moved towards northwest about 200 km. This means that the northern monsoon boundary system has expanded to the northwest inland, resulting in the expansion of the cultivation of the millet, and the Yangshao culture,which is characterized by millet cultivation, has also expanded accordingly. The 400 mm isohyet became the west boundary of Yangshao culture expansion, as well as the boundary of Yangshao millet planting area and north microliths hunting-gathering area in the Holocene megathermal. The summer monsoon in northern China in the mid-Holocene period increased.The expansion of the monsoon to the interior led to the expansion of Yangshao culture in northern China. The expanded Yangshao culture also laid the early form of the relatively unified Chinese civilization, and eventually became one of the important sources of Chinese civilization.
引文
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[30]张东菊,陈发虎,Bettinger R L,等.甘肃大地湾遗址距今6万年来的考古记录与旱作农业起源.科学通报,2010,55(10):887-894.[Zhang Dongju,Chen Fahu,Bettinger R L,et al.Archaeological records of Dadiwan in the past 60 ka and the origin of millet agriculture.Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(10):887-894.]
[31]赵志军.中国古代农业的形成过程:浮选出土植物遗存证据.第四纪研究,2014,34(1):73-84.[Zhao Zhijun.The process of origion of agriculture in China:Archaeological evidence from flotation results.Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(1):73-84.]
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[34]陈胜前.中国晚更新世-早全新世过渡期狩猎采集者的适应变迁.人类学学报,2006,25(3):195-207.[Chen Shengqian.Adaptive changes of hunter-gatherers during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene transition in China.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2006,25(3):195-207.]
[35]方修琦,刘翠华,侯光良.中国全新世暖期降水格局的集成重建.地理科学,2011,31(11):1287-1292.[Fang Xiuqi,Liu Cuihua,Hou Guangliang.Reconstruction of precipitation pattern of China in the Holocene Megathermal.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(11):1287-1292.]
[2]《第三次气候变化国家评估报告》编写委员会.第三次气候变化国家评估报告.北京:科学出版社,2015.[Editorial Board of the National Assessment Report on Climate Change.National Assessment Report on Climate Change.Beijing:Science Press,2015.]
[3]Jamsen E,Overpeck J,Briffa K R,et al.Palaeoclimate.In:Solomon S,Qin D,Chen Z,et al.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007:461-464.
[4]PAGES.PAGES(2009):Science Plan and Implementation Strategy.IGBP Report No.57.Stockholm:PAGES,2009:1-67.
[5]谢端琚.甘青地区史前考古.北京:文物出版社,2002.[Xie Duanju.Prehistoric Archeology in the Gansu and Qinghai Region.Beijing:Cultural Relics Press,2002.]
[6]甘肃省文物考古研究所.秦安大地湾:新石器时代遗址发掘报告.北京:文物出版社.2006.[Gansu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology.Qin'an Dadiwan:The Excavation of the Neolithic Age.Beijing:Cultural Relics Press.2006.]
[7]国家文物局主编.中国文物地图集:陕西分册.西安:西安地图出版社,1998.[National Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas:Shanxi Volume.Xi'an:Xi'an Map Press,1998.]
[8]国家文物局主编.中国文物地图集:河南分册.北京:地图出版社,1991.[National Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas:Henan Volume.Beijing:Map Press,1991.]
[9]国家文物局主编.中国文物地图集:内蒙古分册.西安:西安地图出版社,2003.[National Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas:Inner Mongolia Volume.Xi'an:Xi'an Map Press,2003.]
[10]山西省文物局主编.中国文物地图集:山西分册.北京:地图出版社,2007.[Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas:Shanxi Volume.Beijing:Map Press,2007.]
[11]Liu L,Chen X.The Archaeology of China:From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012.
[12]袁薇薇,韩茂莉.全新世中期青海海东地区聚落选址与环境解读.地理研究,2013,32(5):942-951.[Yuan Weiwei,Han Maoli.The explanation on the selection of settlements and environment in Haidong prefecture,Qinghai province during the mid-Holocene.Geographical Research,2013,32(5):942-951.]
[13]Wu Wenxiang,Zheng Hongbo,Hou Mei,et al.The 5.5 cal ka BP climate event,population growth,circumscription and the emergence of the earliest complex societies in China.Science China Earth Sciences,2018,61:134-148.
[14]Zheng Hongbo,Zhou Yousheng,Yang Qing,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of Neolithic sites in coastal China:Sea level changes,geomorphic evolution and human adaption.Science China Earth Sciences,2018,61:123-133.
[15]李小强.中国全新世气候和农业活动研究新进展.中国科学:地球科学,2013,43(12):1919-1928.[Li Xiaoqiang.New developments in China's Holocene climate and agricultural activities.Scientia Sinica:Terrae,2013,43(12):1919-1928.]
[16]方修琦,侯光良.中国全新世气温序列的集成重建.地理科学,2011,31(4):385-393.[Fang Xiuqi,Hou Guangliang.Synthetically reconstructed Holocene temperature change in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(4):385-393.]
[17]许清海,肖举乐,中村俊夫,等.孢粉资料定量重建全新世以来岱海盆地的古气候.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(4):99-108.[Xu Qinghai,Xiao Jule,Nakamura Toshio,et al.Quantitative reconstructed climatic changes of daihai basin by pollen data.Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2003,23(4):99-108.]
[18]Chen Fahu,Xu Qinghai,Chen Jianhui,et al.2015.East Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability since the last deglaciation.Scientific Reports,2015,5:11186.
[19]Li Jianyong,Dodson John,Yan Hong,et al.Quantitative precipitation estimates for the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau over the last 18,000 years.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2017,122(10),doi:10.1002/2016JD026333.
[20]Tian Zhiping,Jiang Dabang.Mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum changes in monsoon area and precipitation over China.Chinese Science Bulletin,2015,60(4):400-410.
[21]李秉成,孙建中.黄土高原西安地区全新世的植被与气候环境.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(3):125-132.[Li Bingcheng,Sun Jianzhong.Vegetation and climate environment during Holocene in Xi'an region of loess plateau.Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2005,25(3):125-132.]
[22]孙爱芝,冯兆东,唐领余,等.13 kaBP以来黄土高原西部的植被与环境演化.地理学报,2008,63(3):280-292.[Sun Aizhi,Feng Zhaodong,Tang Jieyu,et al.Vegetation and environmental evolution in the west of Loess Plateau since 13ka BP.Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(3):280-292.]
[23]安成邦,冯兆东,唐领余.黄土高原西部全新世中期湿润气候的证据.科学通报,2003,48(21):2280-2287.[An Chengbang,Feng Zhaodong,Tang Jieyu.Evidences of the humid climate in the mid-Holocene in the western Loess Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(21):2280-2287.]
[24]孙千里,周杰,沈吉,等.北方环境敏感带岱海湖泊沉积所记录的全新世中期环境特征.中国科学:地球科学,2006,36(9):838-849.[Sun Qianli,Zhou Jie,Shen Ji,et al.Holocene mid-term environmental characteristics recorded by Daihai Lake deposition in northern China.Scientia Sinica:Terrae,2006,36(9):838-849.]
[25]Weijian Z,Donahue D J,Porter S C,et al.Variability of monsoon climate in East Asian at the end of the last glaciation.Quaternary Research:Orlando,1996,46(3):219-229.
[26]Xiao J,Nakamura T,Lu H,et al.Holocene climate changes over the desert/loess transition of North-central China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,197(1-2):1-18.
[27]高尚玉,陈渭南,靳鹤龄,等.全新世中国季风区西北缘沙漠演化初步研究.中国科学:化学,1993,23(2):202-208.[Gao Shangyu,Chen Weinan,Jin Heling,et al.Preliminary study on desert evolution of Northwest China in Monsoon region of Holocene.Scientia Sinica:Chimica,1993,23(2):202-208.]
[28]靳鹤龄,董光荣,苏志珠,等.全新世沙漠-黄土边界带空间格局的重建.科学通报,2001,46(7):538-543.[Jin Heling,Dong Guangrong,Su Zhizhu,et al.The reconstruction of spatial pattern of Holocene desert-loess boundary zone.Chinese Science Bulletin,2001,46(7):538-543.]
[29]董广辉,张山佳,杨谊时,等.中国北方新石器时代农业强化及对环境的影响.科学通报,2016,61(26):2913-2925.[Dong Guanghui,Zhang Shanjia,Yang Yishi,et al.Agriculture intensified in the Neolithic Age in northern China and its impact on the environment.Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61(26):2913-2925.]
[30]张东菊,陈发虎,Bettinger R L,等.甘肃大地湾遗址距今6万年来的考古记录与旱作农业起源.科学通报,2010,55(10):887-894.[Zhang Dongju,Chen Fahu,Bettinger R L,et al.Archaeological records of Dadiwan in the past 60 ka and the origin of millet agriculture.Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(10):887-894.]
[31]赵志军.中国古代农业的形成过程:浮选出土植物遗存证据.第四纪研究,2014,34(1):73-84.[Zhao Zhijun.The process of origion of agriculture in China:Archaeological evidence from flotation results.Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(1):73-84.]
[32]程纯枢.中国的气候与农业.北京:气象出版社,1991.[Cheng Chunshu.Climate and Agriculture in China.Beijing:Meteorological Press,1991.]
[33]方修琦,章文波,张兰生.全新世暖期我国土地利用的格局及其意义.自然资源学报,1998,13(1):16-22.[Fang Xiuqi,Zhang wenbo,Zhang lansheng.The land use arrangement of China in the Holocene megathermal period and its significance.Journal of Natural Resources,1998,13(1):16-22.]
[34]陈胜前.中国晚更新世-早全新世过渡期狩猎采集者的适应变迁.人类学学报,2006,25(3):195-207.[Chen Shengqian.Adaptive changes of hunter-gatherers during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene transition in China.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2006,25(3):195-207.]
[35]方修琦,刘翠华,侯光良.中国全新世暖期降水格局的集成重建.地理科学,2011,31(11):1287-1292.[Fang Xiuqi,Liu Cuihua,Hou Guangliang.Reconstruction of precipitation pattern of China in the Holocene Megathermal.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(11):1287-1292.]