南京方言宕江两摄入声韵的共时变异及历时演变研究
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摘要
南京是中国四大古都之一,其方言古为吴语,由于历史上多次北人南下,充实江淮间,现已演变为江淮官话。本文考察南京方言宕江两摄入声韵在老、中、青、少四个年龄段的共时变异,分析宕江两摄入声韵的语音层次,探讨普通话渗透、嵌入南京方言的方式和步骤,讨论南京方言入声韵的演变轨迹和发展趋势。
Nanjing has been recognized as one of the four Great Ancient Capitals of China where Wu dialect was originally spoken but later replaced by Jianghuai Mandarin due to the northern immigrants' settlement in the Jianghuai area during different periods of history.This paper explores the diachronic age-based variations of the entering tone of Dang and Jiang rhyme classes(shè)in terms of phonetic data collected from seniors,middle aged,young adults and adolescents.In addition,it analyzes phonetic levels of these sounds and discusses the means and stages of Putonghua's intervention and diffusion into the Nanjing dialect,thereby to point out the possible evolutionary track and developmental trend of the entering tone in the Nanjing dialect.
Nanjing has been recognized as one of the four Great Ancient Capitals of China where Wu dialect was originally spoken but later replaced by Jianghuai Mandarin due to the northern immigrants' settlement in the Jianghuai area during different periods of history.This paper explores the diachronic age-based variations of the entering tone of Dang and Jiang rhyme classes(shè)in terms of phonetic data collected from seniors,middle aged,young adults and adolescents.In addition,it analyzes phonetic levels of these sounds and discusses the means and stages of Putonghua's intervention and diffusion into the Nanjing dialect,thereby to point out the possible evolutionary track and developmental trend of the entering tone in the Nanjing dialect.
引文
Bao,Mingwei(鲍明炜).1961.Nanjing fangyan zhong jige wenti de diaocha南京方言中几个问题的调查[Investigation\sof several issues related to Nanjing Dialect].Fangyan yu Putonghua Jikan(ba)方言与普通话集刊(八)[Collected\sPapers of Dialects and Mandarin(Eight)],1—51.Beijing:Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe北京:文字改革出版社[Beijing:Text Reform Press].
Bao,Mingwei(鲍明炜).1980.Liushinian lai Nanjing fangyin xiang putonghua kaolong qingkuang de kaocha六十年来南京方音向普通话靠拢情况的考察[A study on the change of Nanjing Dialect to Mandarin over the last 60years].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1980.4:241—245.
Bao,Mingwei(鲍明炜).1986.Nanjing fangyan lishi yanbian chutan南京方言历史演变初探[Preliminary exploration of\sthe historical evolution of Nanjing Dialect].Yuyan Yanjiu Jikan(diyi ji)语言研究集刊(第一辑)[Collected Papers\sof Linguistics Study],375—393.Nanjing:Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe南京:江苏教育出版社[Nanjing:Jiangsu\sEducation Press].
Cao,Zhiyun(曹志耘).1998.Hanyu fangyan shengdiao yanbian de liangzhong leixing汉语方言声调演变的两种类型[Two types of tone evolution of Chinese Dialects].Yuyan Yanjiu语言研究[Studies in Language and Linguistics]1998.1:89—99.
Cao,Zhiyun(曹志耘).2002.Wu Hui yu rusheng yanbian de fangshi吴徽语入声演变的方式[On the change of entering\stones in Wu and Hui Dialects].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]2002.5:441—446.
Chen,Zhongmin(陈忠敏).2003.Chonglun wenbaiyidu yu yuyin cengci重论文白异读与语音层次[Literary and colloquial readings and language strata revisited].Yuyan Yanjiu语言研究[Studies in Language and Linguistics]2003.3:43—59.
Chen,Zhongmin(陈忠敏).2007.Shanghai shiquhua shusheng yangdiaolei hebing de yuanyin上海市区话舒声阳调类合并的原因[On the cause of the merger of the Yangping Yangshang and Yangqu tones in the Shanghai dialect].Fangyan方言[Dialect]2007.4:305-310.
Fei,Jia(费嘉),&Li Sun(孙力).1993.Nanjing Fangyanzhi南京方言志[A Record of Nanjing Dialect].Nanjing:Nanjing Chubanshe南京:南京出版社[Nanjing:Nanjing Press].
Jiangsusheng he Shanghiashi Fangyan Diaocha Zhidaozu(江苏省和上海市方言调查指导组).1960.Jiangsusheng he\sShanghaishi Fangyan Gaikuang江苏省和上海市方言概况[A Survey of Dialects in Jiangsu Province and Shanghai].Nanjing:Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe南京:江苏教育出版社[Nanjing:Jiangsu Education Press].
Jiangsusheng Difangzhi Bianzuan Weiyuanhui(江苏省地方志编纂委员会).1998.Jiangsu Shengzhi Fangyanzhi江苏省志方言志[A Survey of Jiangsu Dialects in the Record of Jiangsu Province].Nanjing:Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe南京:南京大学出版社[Nanjing:Nanjing University Press].
Liu,Danqing(刘丹青).1998.Nanjing Fangyan Cidian南京方言词典[A Dictionary of Nanjing Dialect].Nanjing:Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe南京:江苏教育出版社[Nanjing:Jiangsu Education Press].
Liu,Lili(刘俐李).2013.Jiangyin wuyu jin ershinian de bianhua江阴吴语近二十年的变化[The changes of Wu Dialect\sin Jiangyin in the last 20years].Yuyan Yanjiu语言研究[Studies in Language and Linguistics]2013.1:60—67.
Sun,Huaxian(孙华先).2013.Nanjijng Zihui zhong de Guanhua Leibian Cihui《南京字汇》中的《官话类编》词汇[Words of Guanhua Leibian Found in Nanjing Zihui].Beijing:Shijie Tushu Chuban Gongsi北京:世界图书出版公司[Beijing:World Publishing Corporation].
Xing,Xiangdong(邢向东).2006.Shanbei jinyu yanhe fangyan yufa chengfen de yuyin bianyi陕北晋语沿河方言语法成分的语音变异[On the sound variations of grammatical elements of the Jin dialects along the Yellow River in north\sShanxi].Zhongguo Fangyan Xuebao中国方言学报[Journal of Chinese Dialect]2006.1:150—163.
You,Rujie(游汝杰).2010.Shanghai jiaoqu yuyin jin sanshinian lai de bianhua上海郊区语音近30年来的变化[Evolution of Dialects in Shanghai Suburban Districts since 1980s].Fangyan方言[Dialect]2010.3:194—200.
Zhao,Yuanren(赵元任).2002.Nanjing yinxi南京音系[The sound system of the Nanking dialect].Zhao Yuanren Yuyanxue Lunwenji赵元任语言学论文集[Linguistic Essays of Y.R.Zhao],273-297.Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commecial Press].
〔1〕南京方言在魏晋南北朝时期属于吴语,现今则属于北方方言,从吴语到北方话是很大的转变(详见鲍明炜1986)。
〔2〕第一次是1957年在江苏省方言普查的基础上,南京大学中文系师生对南京方言进行的专题调查,观察自赵元任《南京音系》以来,三四十年间南京音系的发展变化;第二次是20世纪70年代末、80年代初鲍明炜先生组织的调查,考察六十年来南京方音向普通话靠拢情况;第三次是1988年至1989年鲍明炜先生带领研究生顾黔、孙华先、杨永成等,在南京城区和郊县进行的调查,主要考察南京方言韵部分合、城郊差别和年龄差异;最近的一次是顾黔、张志凌等2006年6月至8月的调查,探讨南京方言知庄章三组声母的历史演变与年龄差异。
〔3〕《江苏省和上海市方言概况》为阴平31、阳平13、上声22、去声44、入声5;《江苏省志·方言志》为阴平31、阳平24、上声22、去声44、入声5,刘丹青《南京方言词典》为阴平31、阳平24、上声11、去声44、入声5。结合本次调查,本文从刘说。
〔4〕参见《江苏省志方言志》第一章第三节“南京音系”。
〔5〕类似的演变亦见于上海市,详参陈忠敏《重论文白异读与语音层次》,《语言研究》2003年第3期。
〔6〕本次调查“确”的声母虽无人读“kh”,但南京方言文白系统有整齐的对应关系,见系开口二等存在文白异读“kh”和“h”,如“去”有“khi 44、hy44”两读。因此尽管这次调查没有出现第一层白读“kho5”,我们依然知道声母“h”是文读层,而不是白读层。
Bao,Mingwei(鲍明炜).1980.Liushinian lai Nanjing fangyin xiang putonghua kaolong qingkuang de kaocha六十年来南京方音向普通话靠拢情况的考察[A study on the change of Nanjing Dialect to Mandarin over the last 60years].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1980.4:241—245.
Bao,Mingwei(鲍明炜).1986.Nanjing fangyan lishi yanbian chutan南京方言历史演变初探[Preliminary exploration of\sthe historical evolution of Nanjing Dialect].Yuyan Yanjiu Jikan(diyi ji)语言研究集刊(第一辑)[Collected Papers\sof Linguistics Study],375—393.Nanjing:Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe南京:江苏教育出版社[Nanjing:Jiangsu\sEducation Press].
Cao,Zhiyun(曹志耘).1998.Hanyu fangyan shengdiao yanbian de liangzhong leixing汉语方言声调演变的两种类型[Two types of tone evolution of Chinese Dialects].Yuyan Yanjiu语言研究[Studies in Language and Linguistics]1998.1:89—99.
Cao,Zhiyun(曹志耘).2002.Wu Hui yu rusheng yanbian de fangshi吴徽语入声演变的方式[On the change of entering\stones in Wu and Hui Dialects].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]2002.5:441—446.
Chen,Zhongmin(陈忠敏).2003.Chonglun wenbaiyidu yu yuyin cengci重论文白异读与语音层次[Literary and colloquial readings and language strata revisited].Yuyan Yanjiu语言研究[Studies in Language and Linguistics]2003.3:43—59.
Chen,Zhongmin(陈忠敏).2007.Shanghai shiquhua shusheng yangdiaolei hebing de yuanyin上海市区话舒声阳调类合并的原因[On the cause of the merger of the Yangping Yangshang and Yangqu tones in the Shanghai dialect].Fangyan方言[Dialect]2007.4:305-310.
Fei,Jia(费嘉),&Li Sun(孙力).1993.Nanjing Fangyanzhi南京方言志[A Record of Nanjing Dialect].Nanjing:Nanjing Chubanshe南京:南京出版社[Nanjing:Nanjing Press].
Jiangsusheng he Shanghiashi Fangyan Diaocha Zhidaozu(江苏省和上海市方言调查指导组).1960.Jiangsusheng he\sShanghaishi Fangyan Gaikuang江苏省和上海市方言概况[A Survey of Dialects in Jiangsu Province and Shanghai].Nanjing:Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe南京:江苏教育出版社[Nanjing:Jiangsu Education Press].
Jiangsusheng Difangzhi Bianzuan Weiyuanhui(江苏省地方志编纂委员会).1998.Jiangsu Shengzhi Fangyanzhi江苏省志方言志[A Survey of Jiangsu Dialects in the Record of Jiangsu Province].Nanjing:Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe南京:南京大学出版社[Nanjing:Nanjing University Press].
Liu,Danqing(刘丹青).1998.Nanjing Fangyan Cidian南京方言词典[A Dictionary of Nanjing Dialect].Nanjing:Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe南京:江苏教育出版社[Nanjing:Jiangsu Education Press].
Liu,Lili(刘俐李).2013.Jiangyin wuyu jin ershinian de bianhua江阴吴语近二十年的变化[The changes of Wu Dialect\sin Jiangyin in the last 20years].Yuyan Yanjiu语言研究[Studies in Language and Linguistics]2013.1:60—67.
Sun,Huaxian(孙华先).2013.Nanjijng Zihui zhong de Guanhua Leibian Cihui《南京字汇》中的《官话类编》词汇[Words of Guanhua Leibian Found in Nanjing Zihui].Beijing:Shijie Tushu Chuban Gongsi北京:世界图书出版公司[Beijing:World Publishing Corporation].
Xing,Xiangdong(邢向东).2006.Shanbei jinyu yanhe fangyan yufa chengfen de yuyin bianyi陕北晋语沿河方言语法成分的语音变异[On the sound variations of grammatical elements of the Jin dialects along the Yellow River in north\sShanxi].Zhongguo Fangyan Xuebao中国方言学报[Journal of Chinese Dialect]2006.1:150—163.
You,Rujie(游汝杰).2010.Shanghai jiaoqu yuyin jin sanshinian lai de bianhua上海郊区语音近30年来的变化[Evolution of Dialects in Shanghai Suburban Districts since 1980s].Fangyan方言[Dialect]2010.3:194—200.
Zhao,Yuanren(赵元任).2002.Nanjing yinxi南京音系[The sound system of the Nanking dialect].Zhao Yuanren Yuyanxue Lunwenji赵元任语言学论文集[Linguistic Essays of Y.R.Zhao],273-297.Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commecial Press].
〔1〕南京方言在魏晋南北朝时期属于吴语,现今则属于北方方言,从吴语到北方话是很大的转变(详见鲍明炜1986)。
〔2〕第一次是1957年在江苏省方言普查的基础上,南京大学中文系师生对南京方言进行的专题调查,观察自赵元任《南京音系》以来,三四十年间南京音系的发展变化;第二次是20世纪70年代末、80年代初鲍明炜先生组织的调查,考察六十年来南京方音向普通话靠拢情况;第三次是1988年至1989年鲍明炜先生带领研究生顾黔、孙华先、杨永成等,在南京城区和郊县进行的调查,主要考察南京方言韵部分合、城郊差别和年龄差异;最近的一次是顾黔、张志凌等2006年6月至8月的调查,探讨南京方言知庄章三组声母的历史演变与年龄差异。
〔3〕《江苏省和上海市方言概况》为阴平31、阳平13、上声22、去声44、入声5;《江苏省志·方言志》为阴平31、阳平24、上声22、去声44、入声5,刘丹青《南京方言词典》为阴平31、阳平24、上声11、去声44、入声5。结合本次调查,本文从刘说。
〔4〕参见《江苏省志方言志》第一章第三节“南京音系”。
〔5〕类似的演变亦见于上海市,详参陈忠敏《重论文白异读与语音层次》,《语言研究》2003年第3期。
〔6〕本次调查“确”的声母虽无人读“kh”,但南京方言文白系统有整齐的对应关系,见系开口二等存在文白异读“kh”和“h”,如“去”有“khi 44、hy44”两读。因此尽管这次调查没有出现第一层白读“kho5”,我们依然知道声母“h”是文读层,而不是白读层。