共益债务的认定——从“绝对程序标准”到“双重标准”
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摘要
共益债务的认定关系到破产法中公平分配理念的实现,而共益债务认定又取决于"共益标准"。学界认定共益债务的标准实质上采用了"绝对程序标准",即发生在受理破产申请后的债务就当然的具有共益性,然而"绝对程序标准"忽略了现实的复杂性,以至共益债务制度设置目的存在落空的风险。而采用"双重标准"不但可以弥补"绝对程序标准"存在的缺陷,而且符合严格控制优先清偿范围的理念。学界选择"绝对程序标准"的错误倾向致使我国实证法规定共益债务的范围并不科学,需要用"双重标准"剔除我国破产法中不具有共益的虚假共益债务,使得共益债务真正具有共益的实质。
The recognition of common benefits debt is related to the realization of the concept of fair distribution in the bankruptcy law,and the determination of the total benefits of debt depends on the"common benefits standard".Scholars essentially adopted the "absolute procedure standard" to identify common benefits debt;the debt must be of common benefits as long as it happens after the application for bankruptcy is accepted.However,the"absolute procedure standard" ignored the complexity of reality so that the setting purpose of the common benefits system has a risk of being unattained.And the use of "double standard"not only can make up for the defects of the "absolute procedure standard",but also is in line with the concept of strict control of the priority of discharge.The wrong academic choice of "absolute procedure standard"results in the unscientific provisions of China's empirical law."Double standards" are needed to eliminate the false elements of the common benefits so that the common benefits debt can truly be of the essence of common benefits.
The recognition of common benefits debt is related to the realization of the concept of fair distribution in the bankruptcy law,and the determination of the total benefits of debt depends on the"common benefits standard".Scholars essentially adopted the "absolute procedure standard" to identify common benefits debt;the debt must be of common benefits as long as it happens after the application for bankruptcy is accepted.However,the"absolute procedure standard" ignored the complexity of reality so that the setting purpose of the common benefits system has a risk of being unattained.And the use of "double standard"not only can make up for the defects of the "absolute procedure standard",but also is in line with the concept of strict control of the priority of discharge.The wrong academic choice of "absolute procedure standard"results in the unscientific provisions of China's empirical law."Double standards" are needed to eliminate the false elements of the common benefits so that the common benefits debt can truly be of the essence of common benefits.
引文
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[3]破产法起草组.《中华人民共和国企业破产法》释义[M].北京:人民出版社,2006:159.
[4]娄爱华.《破产法》第42条涉不当得利条款解释论[J].社会科学,2013(04).
[5]韩长印.企业破产立法目标的争论及其评价[J].中国法学,2004(05):81.
[6]丁文联.破产程序中的政策目标与利益平衡[M].北京:法律出版社,2008:70.
[7]罗培新.破产法[M].上海:格致出版社:上海人民出版社,2009:135.
[8][美]迈克尔·D·贝勒斯.法律的原则---一个规范的解释[M].张文显,宋金娜,朱卫国,等译.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996:11-12.
[9]许德风.论破产债权的顺序[J].当代法学,2013(02):82.
[10][美]大卫·G·爱泼斯坦,史蒂夫·H.尼克勒斯,詹姆斯·J·怀特.美国破产法[M].韩长印,殷慧芬,叶名怡,等译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003:467-468.
[11][日]伊藤真.破产法[M].刘荣军,鲍荣振,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1995:115.
[12][日]石川明.日本破产法[M].何勤华,周桂秋,译.北京:中国法制出版社,2000:159.
[13]杨忠孝.破产法上的利益平衡问题研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008:96.
[14]王欣新,余艳萍.破产程序中待履行合同的处理方式及法律效果[J].法学杂志,2010(06):53.
[15]许德风.破产法论:解释与功能比较的视角[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2015.
[16]奚晓明.最高人民法院关于企业破产法司法解释理解与适用[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2008:213.
[17]王泽鉴.不当得利[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2015:271-272.
[18]付翠英.论破产费用和共益债务[J].政治与法律,2010(09):31.
[19]王卫国.破产法精义[M].北京:法律出版社,2007:125.