基于话语分析的联合国生态观念管窥——以《世界经济社会概览》中涉及气候变化的表述为例
摘要
文章以语料库助力下的隐喻研究为视角,对联合国《世界经济社会概览》(2009—2018)中的"气候变化"表述进行生态话语分析。通过Wmatrix对语料进行在线语义赋码,再结合"MIPVU隐喻识别程序",最终归纳出《世界经济社会概览》中有关"气候变化"话语的隐喻模式和隐喻载体词,在对气候语篇的隐喻话语策略进行分析的过程中,发现联合国在描述、评价和应对气候变化的话语实践里暗含了负面的生态观,究其原因,是"人类中心说"等意识形态的驱使。需要肯定的是,在应对气候变化的隐喻表达方面,《世界经济社会概览》也有促进人与自然和谐发展的积极生态观的体现。对联合国不同生态观的揭示,可使人们意识到消极生态观所带来的危害,从而发掘体现积极生态观的有益话语来建构正确的生态认知。
引文
(1)Richard J.Alexander,Arran Stibbe,“From the Analysis of Ecological Discourse to the Ecological Analysis of Discourse,”Language Sciences,Vol.41,2014,p.109.
(2)“人类世”(anthropocene):以人类为主导的新时代。由诺贝尔奖得主、大气化学家Crutzen和生态学家Stoermer于2000年首次提出。参见黄国文、肖家燕:《“人类世”概念与生态语言学研究》,《外语研究》2017年第5期。
(3)Arran Stibbe,“Ecolinguistics and Globalization,”in Nikolas Coupland,ed.,The Handbook of Language and Globalization,West Sussex:Wiley Blackwell,2010,pp.406-425.
(4)黄国文:《外语教学与研究的生态化取向》,《中国外语》2016年第5期。
(5)何伟、魏榕:《生态语言学:发展历程与学科属性》,《国外社会科学》2018年第4期;Peter Finke,“Transdisciplinary Linguistics:Ecolinguistics as a Pacemaker into a New Scientific Age,”in Alwin Fill and Hermine Penz,eds.,The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics,London:Routledge,2018,pp.406-419.
(1)何伟、魏榕:《生态语言学:发展历程与学科属性》,《国外社会科学》2018年第4期。
(2)Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(3)Richard J.Alexander,“Resisting Imposed Metaphors of Value:Vandana Shiva's Role in Supporting Third World Agriculture,”The Online Journal Metaphorik.de,Vol.4,2003,pp.6-29;Anastasia G.Stamou,Stephanos Paraskevopoulos,“Representing Protection Action in an Ecotourism Setting:a Critical Discourse Analysis of Visitors'Books at a Greek Reserve,”Critical Discourse Studies,Vol.5,No.1,2008,pp.35-54;Arran Stibbe,“Positive Discourse Analysis:Rethinking Human Ecological Relationships,”in Alwin Fill and Hermine Penz,eds.,The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics,London:Routledge,2018,pp.165-178.
(4)何伟、张瑞杰:《生态话语分析模式构建》,《中国外语》2017年第5期;黄国文、陈旸:《生态哲学与话语的生态分析》,《外国语文》2016年第6期;杨阳:《系统功能视角下新闻报道的生态话语分析》,《北京第二外国语学院学报》2018年第1期;Monika Bednarek,Helen Caple,“Playing with Environmental Stories in the News Good or Bad Practice?”Discourse and Communication,Vol.4,No.1,2010,pp.5-31.
(5)E.Stratford,“Disciplining the Feminine,the Home,and Nature in Three Australian Public Health Histories,”Australian Journal of Communication,Vol.21,No.3,1994,pp.56-71;Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(6)王寅:《认知生态语言学初探》,《中国外语》2018年第2期。
(7)王馥芳:《生态语言学和认知语言学的相互借鉴》,《中国外语》2017年第5期。
(8)Brigitte Nerlich,Nelya Koteyko,“Compounds,Creativity and Complexity in Climate Change Communication:The Case of‘Carbon Indulgences’,”Global Environmental Change,Vol.19,2009,pp.345-353.
(9)Luke C.Collins,Brigitte Nerlich,“Examining User Comments for Deliberative Democracy:A Corpus-driven Analysis of the Climate Change Debate Online,”Environmental Communication,Vol.9,No.2,2015,pp.189-207.
(10)Dag Elgesem,Lubos Steskal,Nicholas Diakopoulos,“Structure and Content of the Discourse on Climate Change in the Blogosphere:The Big Picture,”Environmental Communication,Vol.9,No.2,2015,pp.169-188.
(1)Wmatrix4于2018年12月17日完成升级在线使用,参见https://ucrel-wmatrix4.lancaster.ac.uk/wmatrix4.html。
(2)Paul Rayson,“From Key Words to Key Semantic Domains,”International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,Vol.13,No.4,2008,pp.519-549.
(3)Gerald J.Steen,et al.,A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification,Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2010.
(4)系统隐喻是含有相同语义域的词语指称同一话题所形成的系列语言隐喻。参见L.Cameron,R.Maslen,Metaphor Analysis,London:Equinox,2010,p.128。
(1)Chris Russil,l“Temporal Metaphor in Abrupt Climate Change Communication:An Initial Effort at Clarification,”In Walter Leal Filho,ed.,The economic,social and political elements of climate change,London:Springer,2010,pp.113-132.
(2)Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(3)Suzanne Romaine,“War and Peace in the Global Greenhouse:Metaphors We Die by,”Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,Vol.11,No.3,1996,pp.175-194.
(4)Alice Deignan,Collins Cobuild English Guides 7:Metaphor,London:HarperC ollins,1995.
(5)Elena Semino,Metaphor in Discourse,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
(1)黄国文、陈旸:《自然诗歌的生态话语分析---以狄金森的〈一只小鸟沿小径走来〉为例》,《外国语文》2017年第4期。
(2)王寅:《认知生态语言学初探》,《中国外语》2018年第2期。
(3)Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(4)Saffron O'Neill,Sophie Nicholson-Cole,“‘Fear Won't Do it’Promoting Positive Engagement with Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations,”Science Communication,Vol.30,No.3,2009,pp.335-379.
(1)Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(2)按照发生的可能性和所造成的影响,报告归纳出2019年全球十大风险,排名前三的均与环境相关,分别是极端气候事件、应对环境变化的妥协和适应措施失效以及自然灾害。
(2)“人类世”(anthropocene):以人类为主导的新时代。由诺贝尔奖得主、大气化学家Crutzen和生态学家Stoermer于2000年首次提出。参见黄国文、肖家燕:《“人类世”概念与生态语言学研究》,《外语研究》2017年第5期。
(3)Arran Stibbe,“Ecolinguistics and Globalization,”in Nikolas Coupland,ed.,The Handbook of Language and Globalization,West Sussex:Wiley Blackwell,2010,pp.406-425.
(4)黄国文:《外语教学与研究的生态化取向》,《中国外语》2016年第5期。
(5)何伟、魏榕:《生态语言学:发展历程与学科属性》,《国外社会科学》2018年第4期;Peter Finke,“Transdisciplinary Linguistics:Ecolinguistics as a Pacemaker into a New Scientific Age,”in Alwin Fill and Hermine Penz,eds.,The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics,London:Routledge,2018,pp.406-419.
(1)何伟、魏榕:《生态语言学:发展历程与学科属性》,《国外社会科学》2018年第4期。
(2)Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(3)Richard J.Alexander,“Resisting Imposed Metaphors of Value:Vandana Shiva's Role in Supporting Third World Agriculture,”The Online Journal Metaphorik.de,Vol.4,2003,pp.6-29;Anastasia G.Stamou,Stephanos Paraskevopoulos,“Representing Protection Action in an Ecotourism Setting:a Critical Discourse Analysis of Visitors'Books at a Greek Reserve,”Critical Discourse Studies,Vol.5,No.1,2008,pp.35-54;Arran Stibbe,“Positive Discourse Analysis:Rethinking Human Ecological Relationships,”in Alwin Fill and Hermine Penz,eds.,The Routledge Handbook of Ecolinguistics,London:Routledge,2018,pp.165-178.
(4)何伟、张瑞杰:《生态话语分析模式构建》,《中国外语》2017年第5期;黄国文、陈旸:《生态哲学与话语的生态分析》,《外国语文》2016年第6期;杨阳:《系统功能视角下新闻报道的生态话语分析》,《北京第二外国语学院学报》2018年第1期;Monika Bednarek,Helen Caple,“Playing with Environmental Stories in the News Good or Bad Practice?”Discourse and Communication,Vol.4,No.1,2010,pp.5-31.
(5)E.Stratford,“Disciplining the Feminine,the Home,and Nature in Three Australian Public Health Histories,”Australian Journal of Communication,Vol.21,No.3,1994,pp.56-71;Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(6)王寅:《认知生态语言学初探》,《中国外语》2018年第2期。
(7)王馥芳:《生态语言学和认知语言学的相互借鉴》,《中国外语》2017年第5期。
(8)Brigitte Nerlich,Nelya Koteyko,“Compounds,Creativity and Complexity in Climate Change Communication:The Case of‘Carbon Indulgences’,”Global Environmental Change,Vol.19,2009,pp.345-353.
(9)Luke C.Collins,Brigitte Nerlich,“Examining User Comments for Deliberative Democracy:A Corpus-driven Analysis of the Climate Change Debate Online,”Environmental Communication,Vol.9,No.2,2015,pp.189-207.
(10)Dag Elgesem,Lubos Steskal,Nicholas Diakopoulos,“Structure and Content of the Discourse on Climate Change in the Blogosphere:The Big Picture,”Environmental Communication,Vol.9,No.2,2015,pp.169-188.
(1)Wmatrix4于2018年12月17日完成升级在线使用,参见https://ucrel-wmatrix4.lancaster.ac.uk/wmatrix4.html。
(2)Paul Rayson,“From Key Words to Key Semantic Domains,”International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,Vol.13,No.4,2008,pp.519-549.
(3)Gerald J.Steen,et al.,A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification,Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2010.
(4)系统隐喻是含有相同语义域的词语指称同一话题所形成的系列语言隐喻。参见L.Cameron,R.Maslen,Metaphor Analysis,London:Equinox,2010,p.128。
(1)Chris Russil,l“Temporal Metaphor in Abrupt Climate Change Communication:An Initial Effort at Clarification,”In Walter Leal Filho,ed.,The economic,social and political elements of climate change,London:Springer,2010,pp.113-132.
(2)Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(3)Suzanne Romaine,“War and Peace in the Global Greenhouse:Metaphors We Die by,”Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,Vol.11,No.3,1996,pp.175-194.
(4)Alice Deignan,Collins Cobuild English Guides 7:Metaphor,London:HarperC ollins,1995.
(5)Elena Semino,Metaphor in Discourse,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
(1)黄国文、陈旸:《自然诗歌的生态话语分析---以狄金森的〈一只小鸟沿小径走来〉为例》,《外国语文》2017年第4期。
(2)王寅:《认知生态语言学初探》,《中国外语》2018年第2期。
(3)Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(4)Saffron O'Neill,Sophie Nicholson-Cole,“‘Fear Won't Do it’Promoting Positive Engagement with Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations,”Science Communication,Vol.30,No.3,2009,pp.335-379.
(1)Arran Stibbe,Ecolinguistics:Language,Ecology and the Stories We Live By,London and New York:Routledge,2015.
(2)按照发生的可能性和所造成的影响,报告归纳出2019年全球十大风险,排名前三的均与环境相关,分别是极端气候事件、应对环境变化的妥协和适应措施失效以及自然灾害。