未成熟的果实:美加早期渔业合作与《内陆渔业条约》
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摘要
19世纪末,为应对边境水域出现的渔业资源危机,美加两国科学家进行了广泛而深入的调查研究,发现过度捕捞是造成其渔业资源危机的主要原因。为此,两国科学家构想借助建立"共同的渔业管理制度"来解决这一问题。1908年美加两国政府签署《内陆渔业条约》使得这一构想得以体现。虽然该条约因难以执行而寿终正寝,但"共同的渔业制度"构想在未来的国际条约中最终变为了现实,并不断推动着资源保护事业向前发展。
In the late 19 th century,over-fishing was found to be the main cause of the fishery resources crisis with the extensive and indepth investigation from the scientists for the fishery resources crisis along the waters of U. S.-Canada border. Therefore,the unified fishery regulations was conceived,and then Inland Fisheries Treaty by the two governments made the conception into true. Though the treaty was terminated due to the inefficient implementation,the concept of unfied fishery regulations has become true in the future international treaty and the resources protection is being pushed forward constantly.
In the late 19 th century,over-fishing was found to be the main cause of the fishery resources crisis with the extensive and indepth investigation from the scientists for the fishery resources crisis along the waters of U. S.-Canada border. Therefore,the unified fishery regulations was conceived,and then Inland Fisheries Treaty by the two governments made the conception into true. Though the treaty was terminated due to the inefficient implementation,the concept of unfied fishery regulations has become true in the future international treaty and the resources protection is being pushed forward constantly.
引文
[1]HOWELL O.Food Supply of Fresh Waters[N].Chicago Times,1881-08-20(10).
[2]UNITEDSTATES,54THCONGRESS,2ND SECTION.Secretary John Foster to Michael Herbert[R].Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1892.
[3]RATHBUN R,WAKEHAM W.Report of the Joint Commission Relative to the Preservation of the Fisheries in Waters Contiguous to Canada and the United States Dec.31,1896[R].Ottawa:[s.n.],1897.
[4]TUPPERCH.The Minister of Marine and Fisheries to Determine Numbers of Boats,Seines,or Nets to be Used on Each Stream and Table of Close Seasons in Force on 31st December,1889[R]//Canadian Department of Fisheries Annual Report for the Calendar Year 1889.Ottawa:[s.n.],1889:xxi.
[5]JIM L.Salmon without Rivers:An Environmental History of Pacific Salmon Crisis[M].Washington D.C.:Island Press,1999:145.
[6]BOGUE MB.Fishing the Great Lakes:An Environmental History 1783-1933[M].Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,2000:248.
[7]The Legislative Assembly of Ontario.The Game Fish,The Fisheries,and the Gameof the Province of Ontario:Final Report of the Ontario Game and Fisheries Commission 1909–11[R].Toronto:William Biggs,1912:303-304.
[8]Fisheriesin United States and Canadian Waters[M]//Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America(1776-1949):Vol.12.Washington D.C.:Department of State Publication,1968.
[9]MEREDITH D.Crossing Boundaries:Institutional Flexibility and Local Capacity in Water Quality Research on the Great Lakes[C]//Forum of Humanity&Other Forms of Life.Georgetown:Georgetown University,2016.
[10]DORSEY K.The Dawn of Conservation Diplomacy:USCanadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,2009.
[11]United States Department of State.Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 8,1908[R].Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1908:379-399.
[12]United States Bureau of Fisheries.Report of the U.S.Commissioner of Fisheries for the Fiscal Year ended June30,1918[R].Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1920:14.
[13]STALEY G.The Growth of Propagation in Oregon[R]//Oregon's Mitigation Experience.Salem:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife,1982:11-13.
[14]Convention Respecting Measures for the Preservation and Protection of the Fur Seals in the North Pacific Ocean[EB/OL].[2017-08-06].http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1913/6.html.
[15]Convention for the Preservation of the Halibut Fishery[EB/OL].[2017-08-15].http://iea-archive.uoregon.edu/pages/view_treaty.php?t=1923-Halibut.EN.txt&par=view_treaty_html.
(1)1870年,美洲养殖者协会(American Fish Culturists Association)成立于纽约市,后更名为“美洲渔业协会”。该组织由两国的科学家和资源保护者组成。自成立至今,该协会一直是北美洲渔业资源保护的重要力量。
(1)有关乔丹和普林斯草拟“共同的渔业制度”的过程,库克帕特里克·德西的论述极为全面,本文不再赘述。参见文后参考文献[10]。
[2]UNITEDSTATES,54THCONGRESS,2ND SECTION.Secretary John Foster to Michael Herbert[R].Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1892.
[3]RATHBUN R,WAKEHAM W.Report of the Joint Commission Relative to the Preservation of the Fisheries in Waters Contiguous to Canada and the United States Dec.31,1896[R].Ottawa:[s.n.],1897.
[4]TUPPERCH.The Minister of Marine and Fisheries to Determine Numbers of Boats,Seines,or Nets to be Used on Each Stream and Table of Close Seasons in Force on 31st December,1889[R]//Canadian Department of Fisheries Annual Report for the Calendar Year 1889.Ottawa:[s.n.],1889:xxi.
[5]JIM L.Salmon without Rivers:An Environmental History of Pacific Salmon Crisis[M].Washington D.C.:Island Press,1999:145.
[6]BOGUE MB.Fishing the Great Lakes:An Environmental History 1783-1933[M].Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,2000:248.
[7]The Legislative Assembly of Ontario.The Game Fish,The Fisheries,and the Gameof the Province of Ontario:Final Report of the Ontario Game and Fisheries Commission 1909–11[R].Toronto:William Biggs,1912:303-304.
[8]Fisheriesin United States and Canadian Waters[M]//Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America(1776-1949):Vol.12.Washington D.C.:Department of State Publication,1968.
[9]MEREDITH D.Crossing Boundaries:Institutional Flexibility and Local Capacity in Water Quality Research on the Great Lakes[C]//Forum of Humanity&Other Forms of Life.Georgetown:Georgetown University,2016.
[10]DORSEY K.The Dawn of Conservation Diplomacy:USCanadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,2009.
[11]United States Department of State.Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 8,1908[R].Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1908:379-399.
[12]United States Bureau of Fisheries.Report of the U.S.Commissioner of Fisheries for the Fiscal Year ended June30,1918[R].Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1920:14.
[13]STALEY G.The Growth of Propagation in Oregon[R]//Oregon's Mitigation Experience.Salem:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife,1982:11-13.
[14]Convention Respecting Measures for the Preservation and Protection of the Fur Seals in the North Pacific Ocean[EB/OL].[2017-08-06].http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1913/6.html.
[15]Convention for the Preservation of the Halibut Fishery[EB/OL].[2017-08-15].http://iea-archive.uoregon.edu/pages/view_treaty.php?t=1923-Halibut.EN.txt&par=view_treaty_html.
(1)1870年,美洲养殖者协会(American Fish Culturists Association)成立于纽约市,后更名为“美洲渔业协会”。该组织由两国的科学家和资源保护者组成。自成立至今,该协会一直是北美洲渔业资源保护的重要力量。
(1)有关乔丹和普林斯草拟“共同的渔业制度”的过程,库克帕特里克·德西的论述极为全面,本文不再赘述。参见文后参考文献[10]。