关系性联结:死亡焦虑纾解之道
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摘要
死亡的必然性与不确定性使得人们对死亡有一种本能的恐惧和焦虑,人类一生都在发展各种各样的防御机制来应对死亡焦虑,以建构起有限生命存在的意义与价值。作为一种关系性存在,人始终受到关系的影响和塑造,死亡焦虑也具有关系属性,它并非产生于死亡本身,而是产生于关系的割裂、来自于对立本身。随着传统社会关系联结的不断削弱,死亡焦虑正在成为一个日益突显的社会心理问题。一方面,死亡焦虑促使我们积极地建立关系性联结,寻求亲密关系;另一方面,丰富深刻的关系性联结也有助于人们纾解对死亡的焦虑和恐惧。
The inevitability and uncertainty of death make people feel an instinctive fear and anxiety about death.Throughout our lives,we have developed a variety of defense mechanisms to cope with death anxiety and constructed the meaning and value of the existence of a limited life.As a kind of relational existence,aperson is always influenced and formed by the relationship.Death anxiety also has a relational attribute.It does not arise from the death itself but is derived from the separation of the relationship and the opposition itself.The connection between individuals of the traditional social relations is constantly being weakened,and the anxiety of death has become a more and more prominent social psychological problem.On the one hand,death anxiety encourages us to establish relationships actively and seek intimacy.On the other hand,a deep and profound connection can help us to relieve the anxiety and fear of death.
The inevitability and uncertainty of death make people feel an instinctive fear and anxiety about death.Throughout our lives,we have developed a variety of defense mechanisms to cope with death anxiety and constructed the meaning and value of the existence of a limited life.As a kind of relational existence,aperson is always influenced and formed by the relationship.Death anxiety also has a relational attribute.It does not arise from the death itself but is derived from the separation of the relationship and the opposition itself.The connection between individuals of the traditional social relations is constantly being weakened,and the anxiety of death has become a more and more prominent social psychological problem.On the one hand,death anxiety encourages us to establish relationships actively and seek intimacy.On the other hand,a deep and profound connection can help us to relieve the anxiety and fear of death.
引文
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[2] YALOM I D,LESZCZ M.团体心理治疗:理论与实践[M].李敏,李鸣,译.5版.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2017:17.
[3]贝特曼,霍姆斯.当代精神分析导论:理论与实务[M].林玉华,樊雪梅,译.台北:心灵工坊文化,2017:78.
[4]格根.关系性存在:超越自我与共同体[M].杨莉萍,译.上海:上海教育出版社,2017:75-108.
[5]霍妮.我们内心的冲突[M].杨柳桦樱,译.北京:台海出版社,2016:21.
[6]段昕妤,肖蘅,陈善元.动物类群中水平基因转移的研究进展[J].生命科学研究,2017,21(4):360-364.
[7]于小涵,盛晓明.从分布式认知到文化认知[J].自然辩证法研究,2016,32(11):14-18.
[8]曾奇峰.幻想即现实[M].北京:北京联合出版公司,2017:163.
[9]白福宝.追寻“永生”模式:死亡焦虑的纾解之道[J].医学与哲学,2017,38(11A):27-30.
[10]白福宝.论死亡焦虑的本质[J].医学与哲学,2015,36(10A):40-42.
[11]SYMINGTON J N.思想等待思想者:比昂的临床思想[M].苏晓波,译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2017:33.
[12]张阳阳,佐斌.自尊的恐惧管理理论述评[J].心理科学进展,2006,14(2):273-280.
[13]MIKULINCER M,FLORIAN V,HIRSCHBERGER G.The existential function of close relationships:Introducing death into the science of love[J].Pers Soc Psychol Rev,2003,7(1):20-40.
[14]郭永玉,傅晋斌.死亡提醒效应:概念、测量及来自多领域的证据[J].心理学探新,2011,31(2):113-117.
[15]WALLIN D J.心理治疗中的依恋:从养育到治愈,从理论到实践[M].巴彤,李斌彬,施以德,等,译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2014:15.
[16]KIRKPATRICK L A,NAVARRETE C D.Reports of My Death Anxiety Have Been Greatly Exaggerated:A Critique of Terror Management Theory from an Evolutionary Perspective[J].Psychological Inquiry,2006,17(4):288-298.
[17]HEINE S J,PROULX T,VOHS K D.The meaning maintenance model:On the coherence of social motivations[J].Pers Soc Psychol Rev,2006,10(2):88-110.
[18]沃特斯.像我们一样疯狂:美式心理疾病的全球化[M].黄晓楠,译.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2016:92.
[19]ZHOU X,LEI Q,SCOTT C M,et al.Existential function of babies:Babies as a buffer of death-related anxiety[J].Asian J Soc Psychol,2009,12(1):40-46.
[20]弗里斯.性、金钱、幸福与死亡[M].丁丹,译.北京:东方出版社,2010:204.
[21]DARBAN F,KARAMZEHI R,BALOUCHI A,et al.The Relationship between Social Intelligence and Death Anxiety among Elderly People Living in Iranshahr,Iran[J].Int J Ment Health Ad,2016,14(6):896-900.
[22]韦庆旺,周雪梅,俞国良.死亡心理:外部防御还是内在成长?[J].心理科学进展,2015,23(2):338-348.
[23]亚隆.存在主义心理治疗[M].黄峥,张怡玲,沈东郁,译.北京:商务印书馆,2015:382.
[24]维奥斯特.必要的丧失[M].韩淑珍,吕家铭,译.上海:上海三联书店,2007:272.