中国黄羽鹌鹑胸腺发育的增龄变化
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摘要
旨在研究黄羽鹌鹑胸腺的组织形态结构的发育变化,为黄羽鹌鹑生长过程中免疫程序的制定提供形态学依据。采用解剖学、组织学及电镜技术,研究从出生到第38周龄的黄羽鹌鹑胸腺的胸腺指数、组织学结构及超微结构的发育变化。结果表明,出生到4周龄,胸腺的质量、指数、长径和宽径均呈上升趋势,且在第4周龄达到最大,第5—9周龄呈减小趋势,第10周龄及以后处于平稳趋势;随增龄,胸腺皮髓质面积比逐渐减小,胸腺小体的数量先增多后减少,第6周龄达到最多。电镜结果显示,胸腺细胞存在着自然凋亡现象,主要表现为细胞核的变化,核质凝集,线粒体增多。结果表明,黄羽鹌鹑胸腺发育表现出明显的增龄变化特征,出生到4周龄为发育旺盛期,第5—9周龄为成熟持续期,第10—38周龄为退化期。
This study was aimed to investigate the morphology, histological structure and development of the thymus of the Chinese yellow quail at different ages, and to provide morphological basis for the establishment of immune program during the growth of yellow quail. The thymus index, histological structure and ultrastructure of thymus of yellow quail from birth to 38 weeks old were studied by anatomical, histological and electron microscopy techniques. The results were follows: the weight, index, length and diameter of thymus gradually increased with age, reaching a maximum for each of these measurements at the age of 4 weeks, decreased between 5 and 9 weeks of age and then remained unchanged between 10 and 38 weeks of age. Cortex area/medullar area was gradually decreased with the age. The number of Hassall's corpuscle was gradually increased with age, reaching a maximum at the age of 6 weeks and then decreased with age. Electron microscope observation showed that: the natural apoptosis was found in thymocyte. The main changes of apoptotic cells appeared in nucleus. The chromatin were condenses. The proliferation of mitochondria happened to apoptotic cells. It was seen that a sustained developmental period occurred at 0-4 weeks of age, a maturation period occurred at 5-9 weeks, a involution period occurred at 10-38 weeks during the development of quail thymus.
This study was aimed to investigate the morphology, histological structure and development of the thymus of the Chinese yellow quail at different ages, and to provide morphological basis for the establishment of immune program during the growth of yellow quail. The thymus index, histological structure and ultrastructure of thymus of yellow quail from birth to 38 weeks old were studied by anatomical, histological and electron microscopy techniques. The results were follows: the weight, index, length and diameter of thymus gradually increased with age, reaching a maximum for each of these measurements at the age of 4 weeks, decreased between 5 and 9 weeks of age and then remained unchanged between 10 and 38 weeks of age. Cortex area/medullar area was gradually decreased with the age. The number of Hassall's corpuscle was gradually increased with age, reaching a maximum at the age of 6 weeks and then decreased with age. Electron microscope observation showed that: the natural apoptosis was found in thymocyte. The main changes of apoptotic cells appeared in nucleus. The chromatin were condenses. The proliferation of mitochondria happened to apoptotic cells. It was seen that a sustained developmental period occurred at 0-4 weeks of age, a maturation period occurred at 5-9 weeks, a involution period occurred at 10-38 weeks during the development of quail thymus.
引文
[1] 皮劲松,杜金平,申杰,等. 鹌鹑研究进展[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2007, 35(10):2926-2927.PI J S, DU J P, SHEN J, et al.Research advance on quail[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2007, 35(10):2926-2927. (in Chinese)
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[3] KHOSRAVINIA H, NARASIMHA MURTHY H N, PRATHAP KUMAR K. Scope for interspecific hybridization of chicken and quail[J]. J Poult Sci, 2005, 42(4):363-368.
[4] TSUDZUKI M, GOTO N. One hundred years of breeding and genetic research in domestic fowls and Japanese quail[J]. Jpn J Poult Sci, 2009, 46(1):J23-J29.
[5] ATTIA Y A, EL-DIN E R E T, ZEWEIL H S, et al. The effect of supplementation of enzyme on laying and reproductive performance in Japanese quail hens fed Nigella seed meal[J]. J Poult Sci, 2008, 45(2):110-115.
[6] RAHMAN M S, SASANAMI T, MORI M. Effects of cadmium administration on reproductive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)[J]. Jpn Poult Sci, 2007, 44(1):92-97.
[7] BARILANI M, DEREGNAUCOURT S, GALLEGO S, et al. Detecting hybridization in wild (Coturnix c. coturnix) and domesticated (Coturnix c. japonica) quail populations[J]. Biol Conserv, 2005, 126(4):445-455.
[8] SAVINO W, DARDENNE M. Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology[J]. Endocr Rev, 2000, 21(4):412-443.
[9] SAVINO W, DARDENNE M. Neuroendocrine interactions in the thymus: from physiology to therapy[J]. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2011, 18(5):263.
[10] SANCHEZ-REFUSTA F, CIRIACO E, GERMANà A, et al. Age-related changes in the medullary reticular epithelial cells of the pigeon bursa of Fabricius[J]. Anat Rec, 1996, 246(4):473-480.
[11] 方静. 天府肉鸭中枢免疫器官胚胎及胚后发育期细胞凋亡及神经肽表达的研究[D]. 雅安:四川农业大学, 2009:24.FANG J. Study on the cell apoptosis and neuropeptide expression during the embryonic and postembryonic development of the Tianfu duck central immune organs[D]. Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University, 2009:24. (in Chinese)
[12] 刘克琳. 鸡胚中枢免疫器官发育变化的观察[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 1992, 10(2):232-237.LIU K L.Observations on the development of the central immune organs of the chick embryoes[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 1992, 10(2):232-237. (in Chinese)
[13] 王锡乐, 刘艳华,贾玉萍,等. 不同日龄商品代雏鸡胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏重量与体重比动态规律[J]. 动物科学与动物医学, 2004, 21(9):34-36.WANG X L, LIU Y H, JIA Y P,et al. The dynamic rules of the weight ratios for thymus, Bursal and spleen to body of chicken[J]. Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, 2004, 21(9):34-36. (in Chinese)
[14] 方静,崔恒敏,彭西,等. 雏鸭胸腺生长指标的动态观测及组织学观察[J]. 中国兽医科学, 2006, 36(5):401-405.FANG J, CUI H M, PENG X,et al. Dynamic measurement of growth indexes and histological observation of thymus of ducklings[J]. Veterinary Science in China, 2006, 36(5):401-405. (in Chinese)
[15] 陈敏,黄立,肖柯,等. 非洲雏鸵鸟胸腺发育的增龄性变化[J]. 中国兽医学报, 2014, 34(6):955-958.CHEN M, HUANG L, XIAO K,et al. Developmental changes of thymus in African ostrich chicks[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2014, 34(6):955-958. (in Chinese)
[16] 崔雪. 鸭胸腺生长发育的组织结构和神经肽及受体表达的研究[D]. 雅安:四川农业大学, 2010:21.CUI X. Study on the histological structure, the expression of neuropeptides and their receptors during the embryonic and post embryonic development in the thymus of duck[D]. Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University, 2010:21. (in Chinese)
[17] 刘仰斌, 李启华. 小鼠胸腺形态结构的增龄性变化[J]. 中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2010, 14(31):5805-5808.LIU Y B, LI Q H.Age-related morphology and structure changes of mouse thymus[J]. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research, 2010, 14(31):5805-5808. (in Chinese)
[18] 张文英, 齐易祥. 大鼠胸腺增龄性组织学与组织化学观察[J]. 皖南医学院学报, 1989, 8(1):1-4.ZHANG W Y, QI Y X.Histological and histochemical observation on the aging related changes of the rat thymus[J]. Acta Academiae Medicinae Wannan, 1989, 8(1):1-4. (in Chinese)
[19] 陈海英, 孔月红,蔡兆明. 大鼠胸腺增龄变化的形态学研究[J]. 医学理论与实践, 2005, 18(12):1379-1382.CHEN H Y, KONG Y H, CAI Z M.A Study on the morphologic changes of rat thymus with increasing age[J]. The Journal of Medical Theory and Practice, 2005, 18(12):1379-1382. (in Chinese)
[20] 王云. 鸡胸腺发育形态学研究[D]. 武汉:华中农业大学, 2010:20.WANG Y. Morphological study on the development of chicken thymus[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2010:20. (in Chinese)
[21] 李玉谷, 辛朝安,李楚宣,等. 鸭胸腺细胞自然凋亡的电镜观察[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2000, 31(6):571-575.LI Y G, XIN C A, LI C X, et al. Electron microscopic observations on apoptosis of thymocytes in the duck thymus[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2000, 31(6):571-575. (in Chinese)
[22] MCCONKEY D J, NICOTERA P, ORRENIUS S. Signalling and chromatin fragmentation in thymocyte apoptosis[J]. Immunol Rev, 1994, 142(1):343-363.
[23] SURH C D, SPRENT J. T-cell apoptosis detected in situ during positive and negative selection in the thymus[J]. Nature, 1994, 372(6501):100-103.
[24] 冯建芳, 章静波. 程序性细胞死亡及细胞凋亡[J]. 生理科学进展, 1995, 26(4):373-378.FENG J F, ZHANG J B.Programmed cell death and apoptosis[J]. Physiological Progress, 1995, 26(4):373-378. (in Chinese)
[25] 刘淑英, 曹贵方,赵怀平,等. 鹌鹑主要免疫器官的组织学和细胞化学的研究[J]. 内蒙古农牧学院学报, 1999, 20(2):35-43.LIU S Y, CAO G F, ZHAO H P,et al. Histology and cytochemistry of main immune organs of the quail[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 1999, 20(2):35-43. (in Chinese)
[26] 关莉,黄中新. 胸腺小体在胸腺发育中的形态发生及其功能探讨[J]. 广东解剖学通报, 1997, 19(1):4-6.GUAN L, HUANG Z X.Morphogenesis and functional differentiation of thymic corpuscles during the development of fetal thymus[J]. Anatomy Research, 1997, 19(1):4-6. (in Chinese)
[27] 鲍恩东. 鸡胚胸腺的组织发育[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 1999, 22(1):91-94.BAO E D.Histological development of thymus of chicken embryo[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 1999, 22(1):91-94. (in Chinese)
[28] AITA M, AMANTEA A. Distribution of anti-keratins and anti-thymostimulin antibodies in normal and in Down's syndrome human thymuses[J]. Thymus, 1991, 17(3):155-165.
[29] 成令忠. 现代组织学[M]. 上海:上海科学技术文献出版社, 2003:800-801.CHENG L Z.Contemporary histology[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Literature Press, 2003:800-801. (in Chinese)
[30] HINCE M, SAKKAL S, VLAHOS K, et al. The role of sex steroids and gonadectomy in the control of thymic involution[J]. Cell Immunol, 2008, 252(1-2):122-138.
[31] CHINN I K, BLACKBURN C C, MANLEY N R, et al. Changes in primary lymphoid organs with aging[J]. Semin Immununol, 2012, 24(5):309-320.
[32] 朱华,于品,徐艳峰,等. 自然衰老过程中SD大鼠免疫系统结构功能的变化[J]. 中国实验动物学报, 2018, 26(1):95-100.ZHU H, YU P, XU Y F, et al.Structural and functional changes of immune system in natural aging SD rats[J]. Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica, 2018, 26(1):95-100. (in Chinese)
[2] 宋东亮, 李嘉,索勋. 鹌鹑的种类、分布、特征及价值[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(34):15010-15012.SONG D L, LI J, SUO X.Species, distribution, characteristics and values of quails[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 36(34):15010-15012. (in Chinese)
[3] KHOSRAVINIA H, NARASIMHA MURTHY H N, PRATHAP KUMAR K. Scope for interspecific hybridization of chicken and quail[J]. J Poult Sci, 2005, 42(4):363-368.
[4] TSUDZUKI M, GOTO N. One hundred years of breeding and genetic research in domestic fowls and Japanese quail[J]. Jpn J Poult Sci, 2009, 46(1):J23-J29.
[5] ATTIA Y A, EL-DIN E R E T, ZEWEIL H S, et al. The effect of supplementation of enzyme on laying and reproductive performance in Japanese quail hens fed Nigella seed meal[J]. J Poult Sci, 2008, 45(2):110-115.
[6] RAHMAN M S, SASANAMI T, MORI M. Effects of cadmium administration on reproductive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)[J]. Jpn Poult Sci, 2007, 44(1):92-97.
[7] BARILANI M, DEREGNAUCOURT S, GALLEGO S, et al. Detecting hybridization in wild (Coturnix c. coturnix) and domesticated (Coturnix c. japonica) quail populations[J]. Biol Conserv, 2005, 126(4):445-455.
[8] SAVINO W, DARDENNE M. Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology[J]. Endocr Rev, 2000, 21(4):412-443.
[9] SAVINO W, DARDENNE M. Neuroendocrine interactions in the thymus: from physiology to therapy[J]. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2011, 18(5):263.
[10] SANCHEZ-REFUSTA F, CIRIACO E, GERMANà A, et al. Age-related changes in the medullary reticular epithelial cells of the pigeon bursa of Fabricius[J]. Anat Rec, 1996, 246(4):473-480.
[11] 方静. 天府肉鸭中枢免疫器官胚胎及胚后发育期细胞凋亡及神经肽表达的研究[D]. 雅安:四川农业大学, 2009:24.FANG J. Study on the cell apoptosis and neuropeptide expression during the embryonic and postembryonic development of the Tianfu duck central immune organs[D]. Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University, 2009:24. (in Chinese)
[12] 刘克琳. 鸡胚中枢免疫器官发育变化的观察[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 1992, 10(2):232-237.LIU K L.Observations on the development of the central immune organs of the chick embryoes[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 1992, 10(2):232-237. (in Chinese)
[13] 王锡乐, 刘艳华,贾玉萍,等. 不同日龄商品代雏鸡胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏重量与体重比动态规律[J]. 动物科学与动物医学, 2004, 21(9):34-36.WANG X L, LIU Y H, JIA Y P,et al. The dynamic rules of the weight ratios for thymus, Bursal and spleen to body of chicken[J]. Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, 2004, 21(9):34-36. (in Chinese)
[14] 方静,崔恒敏,彭西,等. 雏鸭胸腺生长指标的动态观测及组织学观察[J]. 中国兽医科学, 2006, 36(5):401-405.FANG J, CUI H M, PENG X,et al. Dynamic measurement of growth indexes and histological observation of thymus of ducklings[J]. Veterinary Science in China, 2006, 36(5):401-405. (in Chinese)
[15] 陈敏,黄立,肖柯,等. 非洲雏鸵鸟胸腺发育的增龄性变化[J]. 中国兽医学报, 2014, 34(6):955-958.CHEN M, HUANG L, XIAO K,et al. Developmental changes of thymus in African ostrich chicks[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2014, 34(6):955-958. (in Chinese)
[16] 崔雪. 鸭胸腺生长发育的组织结构和神经肽及受体表达的研究[D]. 雅安:四川农业大学, 2010:21.CUI X. Study on the histological structure, the expression of neuropeptides and their receptors during the embryonic and post embryonic development in the thymus of duck[D]. Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University, 2010:21. (in Chinese)
[17] 刘仰斌, 李启华. 小鼠胸腺形态结构的增龄性变化[J]. 中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2010, 14(31):5805-5808.LIU Y B, LI Q H.Age-related morphology and structure changes of mouse thymus[J]. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research, 2010, 14(31):5805-5808. (in Chinese)
[18] 张文英, 齐易祥. 大鼠胸腺增龄性组织学与组织化学观察[J]. 皖南医学院学报, 1989, 8(1):1-4.ZHANG W Y, QI Y X.Histological and histochemical observation on the aging related changes of the rat thymus[J]. Acta Academiae Medicinae Wannan, 1989, 8(1):1-4. (in Chinese)
[19] 陈海英, 孔月红,蔡兆明. 大鼠胸腺增龄变化的形态学研究[J]. 医学理论与实践, 2005, 18(12):1379-1382.CHEN H Y, KONG Y H, CAI Z M.A Study on the morphologic changes of rat thymus with increasing age[J]. The Journal of Medical Theory and Practice, 2005, 18(12):1379-1382. (in Chinese)
[20] 王云. 鸡胸腺发育形态学研究[D]. 武汉:华中农业大学, 2010:20.WANG Y. Morphological study on the development of chicken thymus[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2010:20. (in Chinese)
[21] 李玉谷, 辛朝安,李楚宣,等. 鸭胸腺细胞自然凋亡的电镜观察[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2000, 31(6):571-575.LI Y G, XIN C A, LI C X, et al. Electron microscopic observations on apoptosis of thymocytes in the duck thymus[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2000, 31(6):571-575. (in Chinese)
[22] MCCONKEY D J, NICOTERA P, ORRENIUS S. Signalling and chromatin fragmentation in thymocyte apoptosis[J]. Immunol Rev, 1994, 142(1):343-363.
[23] SURH C D, SPRENT J. T-cell apoptosis detected in situ during positive and negative selection in the thymus[J]. Nature, 1994, 372(6501):100-103.
[24] 冯建芳, 章静波. 程序性细胞死亡及细胞凋亡[J]. 生理科学进展, 1995, 26(4):373-378.FENG J F, ZHANG J B.Programmed cell death and apoptosis[J]. Physiological Progress, 1995, 26(4):373-378. (in Chinese)
[25] 刘淑英, 曹贵方,赵怀平,等. 鹌鹑主要免疫器官的组织学和细胞化学的研究[J]. 内蒙古农牧学院学报, 1999, 20(2):35-43.LIU S Y, CAO G F, ZHAO H P,et al. Histology and cytochemistry of main immune organs of the quail[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 1999, 20(2):35-43. (in Chinese)
[26] 关莉,黄中新. 胸腺小体在胸腺发育中的形态发生及其功能探讨[J]. 广东解剖学通报, 1997, 19(1):4-6.GUAN L, HUANG Z X.Morphogenesis and functional differentiation of thymic corpuscles during the development of fetal thymus[J]. Anatomy Research, 1997, 19(1):4-6. (in Chinese)
[27] 鲍恩东. 鸡胚胸腺的组织发育[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 1999, 22(1):91-94.BAO E D.Histological development of thymus of chicken embryo[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 1999, 22(1):91-94. (in Chinese)
[28] AITA M, AMANTEA A. Distribution of anti-keratins and anti-thymostimulin antibodies in normal and in Down's syndrome human thymuses[J]. Thymus, 1991, 17(3):155-165.
[29] 成令忠. 现代组织学[M]. 上海:上海科学技术文献出版社, 2003:800-801.CHENG L Z.Contemporary histology[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Literature Press, 2003:800-801. (in Chinese)
[30] HINCE M, SAKKAL S, VLAHOS K, et al. The role of sex steroids and gonadectomy in the control of thymic involution[J]. Cell Immunol, 2008, 252(1-2):122-138.
[31] CHINN I K, BLACKBURN C C, MANLEY N R, et al. Changes in primary lymphoid organs with aging[J]. Semin Immununol, 2012, 24(5):309-320.
[32] 朱华,于品,徐艳峰,等. 自然衰老过程中SD大鼠免疫系统结构功能的变化[J]. 中国实验动物学报, 2018, 26(1):95-100.ZHU H, YU P, XU Y F, et al.Structural and functional changes of immune system in natural aging SD rats[J]. Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica, 2018, 26(1):95-100. (in Chinese)