基于GF-1卫星影像的金川县泥石流沟空间分布特征研究
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摘要
泥石流的空间分布、发育特征是区域泥石流监测预警、风险评价等防灾减灾工作的基础。四川省金川县地处川西高原区,泥石流频发,本文以GF-1遥感影像为数据源,建立泥石流沟解译标志,共解译确定泥石流沟256处。利用GIS空间分析方法对泥石流沟分布与高程、坡度、水系和地层岩性的关系进行定量分析,研究了金川县泥石流沟的空间分布规律及特征。分析了金川县各泥石流沟流域形态、沟床纵比降、沟道坡岸特征,结果表明:(1)区内泥石流分布受水系、高程、坡度、地层岩性影响明显,主要分布于大金川及其支流区域的咯尔、庆宁、河东、河西、独松、卡撒等乡镇,高程2 000～3 000 m的区域共有泥石流沟197处,占总数量的77%,坡度15°～30°的区域,共有泥石流沟134处,占总数量的52%,砂岩、板岩区域,有泥石流沟225处,占总数量的88%;(2)区内泥石流沟流域形状比均介于0.15～1.2之间,其中形状比0.2～0.4之间的有161条,占总数量的62.9%,表明泥石流沟以长圆形为主,有利于水流汇集,具有充足的水动力条件,71%的泥石流沟道沟床纵比降介于200‰～600‰之间,多为易发性泥石流沟床坡降,泥石流沟岸坡坡度介于25°～70°这一泥石流高易发坡度区的面积为1 414.79 km~2,占全县所有泥石流沟总面积的60.4%,表明金川县泥石流沟道多为高易发泥石流区。其研究结果对金川县泥石流监测预警、风险分析和科学减灾决策等具有重要的理论和现实意义。
The spatial distribution and development characteristics of debris flow are the basis for monitoring and early warning, risk assessment and other disaster prevention and mitigation work. Jinchuan County is located in the West of Sichuan Plateau area,and the debris flow occurs frequently in this area. In this research, the GF-1 remote sensing images were used as the data source to establish the debris flow gully interpretation sign, and the total of 256 debris flow gullies were identified and interpreted. Then the GIS spatial analysis method is used to quantitatively analyze the relationship between debris flow distribution and elevation, slope, water system and formation lithology. The spatial distribution law and characteristics of debris flow gully in Jinchuan County were summarized. Finally, the characteristics of the watershed shape ratio, the gully ratio and the slope gradient of the debris flow gully in Jinchuan County were analyzed in this paper. The results show that:(1) the distribution of debris flow in the area is obviously affected by water system, elevation, slope and stratigraphic lithology. The debris flow gullies occur mainly distributed in Geer, Qingning, Hedong, Hexi, Suisong, Kasza and other townships in the Dajinchuan basin. There are 197 debris flow gullies are located in the elevation between 2 000 and 3 000 meter, accounting for 77% of the total debris flow gullies. And 134 debris flow gullies are located in the area of slopes from 15° to 30°, accounting for 52% of the total debris flow gullies. And there are 225 debris flow gullies are located in sandstone and slate areas, accounting for 88% of the total debris flow gullies.(2) The watershed shape ratios of debris flow gullies in the study area are between 0.15 and 1.2. And there are 161 debris flow basins shape ratio are between 0.2 and 0.4, accounting for 62.9% of the total number. The result shows that the debris flow gullies are mainly composed by the shape of long and circles, which is favorable to the water flow and has sufficient hydrodynamic conditions. And 71% of the debris flows' gully ratios drop between 200‰～600‰,they are mostly prone to debris flow. The slope gradients of debris flows gully are between 25° and 70° which the area are 1 414.79 km~2, accounting for 60.4% of the total area of the debris flow basins in the whole county. It indicates that the debris flow gully in Jinchuan County are mostly the high-prone areas. The results can provide scientific basis for the regional debris flows monitoring and early warning, disaster prevention and mitigation, the development of social economy and so on.
The spatial distribution and development characteristics of debris flow are the basis for monitoring and early warning, risk assessment and other disaster prevention and mitigation work. Jinchuan County is located in the West of Sichuan Plateau area,and the debris flow occurs frequently in this area. In this research, the GF-1 remote sensing images were used as the data source to establish the debris flow gully interpretation sign, and the total of 256 debris flow gullies were identified and interpreted. Then the GIS spatial analysis method is used to quantitatively analyze the relationship between debris flow distribution and elevation, slope, water system and formation lithology. The spatial distribution law and characteristics of debris flow gully in Jinchuan County were summarized. Finally, the characteristics of the watershed shape ratio, the gully ratio and the slope gradient of the debris flow gully in Jinchuan County were analyzed in this paper. The results show that:(1) the distribution of debris flow in the area is obviously affected by water system, elevation, slope and stratigraphic lithology. The debris flow gullies occur mainly distributed in Geer, Qingning, Hedong, Hexi, Suisong, Kasza and other townships in the Dajinchuan basin. There are 197 debris flow gullies are located in the elevation between 2 000 and 3 000 meter, accounting for 77% of the total debris flow gullies. And 134 debris flow gullies are located in the area of slopes from 15° to 30°, accounting for 52% of the total debris flow gullies. And there are 225 debris flow gullies are located in sandstone and slate areas, accounting for 88% of the total debris flow gullies.(2) The watershed shape ratios of debris flow gullies in the study area are between 0.15 and 1.2. And there are 161 debris flow basins shape ratio are between 0.2 and 0.4, accounting for 62.9% of the total number. The result shows that the debris flow gullies are mainly composed by the shape of long and circles, which is favorable to the water flow and has sufficient hydrodynamic conditions. And 71% of the debris flows' gully ratios drop between 200‰～600‰,they are mostly prone to debris flow. The slope gradients of debris flows gully are between 25° and 70° which the area are 1 414.79 km~2, accounting for 60.4% of the total area of the debris flow basins in the whole county. It indicates that the debris flow gully in Jinchuan County are mostly the high-prone areas. The results can provide scientific basis for the regional debris flows monitoring and early warning, disaster prevention and mitigation, the development of social economy and so on.
引文
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[3] 王灿.四川省金川县俄郎沟泥石流发育特征及治理工程研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2013.WANG Can.Research on the development characterristics and treatment engineering of elanggou debris flow in Jinchuan County of Sichuan Province[D].Chengdu:South West Jiao Tong University,2013.(in Chinese)
[4] 唐晓春.中国西南山区的泥石流防治及展望[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1995,15(3):105-112.TANG Xiaochun.Debris flow control and its future in mountain of southwest China[J].Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,1995,15(3):105-112.(in Chinese)
[5] 郭嘉仁.四川泥石流灾害规律探讨[J].中国减灾,1997,7(3):42-44.GUO Jiaren.Discussion on the law of debris flow disaster in Sichuan Province[J].Disaster Reduction in China,1997,7(3):42-44.(in Chinese)
[6] 谭万沛.中国泥石流危害的现状[J].水土保持通报,1989,9(6):10-14.TAN Wanpei.The current atate of debris flow disasters of China[J].Bulletin of Soil Water Conservation,1989,9(6):10-14.(in Chinese)
[7] 徐吉廷.四川阿坝州主要地质灾害特点及防御对策[J].灾害学,1999,14(3):46-49.XU Jiting.Characteristics of main ceological disastersin Aba prefecture,Sichuan Province and countermeasures against them[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1999,14(3):46-49.(in Chinese)
[8] 王猛,王军,江煜,等.汶川地震地质灾害遥感调查与空间特征分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2010,12(4):480-486.WANG Meng,WANG Jun,JIANG Yu,et al.The earthquake survey of geological hazards and spatial analysis in Wenchuan County[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2010,12(4):480-486.(in Chinese)
[9] 薛东剑,张东辉,何政伟 ,等.多源遥感影像融合技术在地质灾害调查中的应用[J].遥感技术与应用,2011,26(5):664-669.XUE Dongjian,ZHANG Donghui,HE Zhengwei,et al.Application of multi-source remote sensing image fusion in geohazard investigation[J].Remote Sensing Technology & Application,2011,26(5):664-669.(in Chinese)
[10] 方成,孙晓明,康慧,等.遥感技术在曹妃甸海岸带地质环境调查中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(3):119-127.FANG Cheng,SUN Xiaoming,KANG Hui,et al.Application of remote sensing technology to geological environment investigation in the Caofeidain coastal zone[J].Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2015,42(3):119-127.(in Chinese)
[11] 黄庭,张志,谷延群,等.基于遥感和GIS技术的北川县地震次生地质灾害分布特征[J].遥感学报,2009,13(1):177-182.HUANG Ting,ZHANG Zhi,GU Yanqun,et al.Distributed characteristics research of earthquake-induced secondary geological disasters in BeiChuan County:based on GIS and remote sensing[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,13(1):177-182.(in Chinese)
[12] 黄润秋,李为乐.“5·12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.HUANG Runqiu,LI Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics & Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.(in Chinese)
[13] 常鸣,唐川,李为乐,等.“4·20”芦山地震地质灾害遥感快速解译与空间分析[J].成都理工大学学报:自科版,2013,40(3):275-281.CHANG Ming,TANG Chuan,LI Weile,et al.Image interpretation and spatial analysis of geohazards induced by “|4·20” Lushan earthquake in epicenter area[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2013,40(3):275-281.(in Chinese)
[14] 许强,李为乐.汶川地震诱发大型滑坡分布规律研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):818-826.XU Qiang,LI Weile.Distribution of large-scale landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):818-826.(in Chinese)
[15] 杨迎冬,晏祥省,张红兵.云南省东川区泥石流灾害SPOT5遥感影像特征[J].灾害学,2010,25(4):59-62.YANG Yingdong,YAN Xiangsheng,ZHANG Hongbing.Characteristics of SPOT5 remote sensing images of debris-flow hazards in Dongchuan County,Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2010,25(4):59-62.(in Chinese)
[16] 童立强,聂洪峰,李建存,等.喜马拉雅山地区大型泥石流遥感调查与发育特征研究[J].国土资源遥感,2013,25(4):104-112.TONG Liqiang,NIE Hongfeng,LI Jiancun,et al.Survey of large-scale debris flow and study of its development characteristics using remote sensing technology in the Himalayas[J].Remote Sensing for Land & Resources,2013,25(4):104-112.(in Chinese)
[17] 周纵横,任光明,许英杰,等.汶川震区清平乡绵远河流域泥石流发育特征分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2017(1):30-35.ZHOU Zongheng,REN Guangming,XU Yingjie,et al.Characteristics of the debris flow in Qingping country of Mianyuan river basin,epicenter Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard & Control,2017(1):30-35.(in Chinese)
[18] 崔鹏.区域泥石流活动性的灰尘色预测:以金川县为例[J].水土保持学报,1992,6(3):59-65.CUI Peng.Grey forecast of regional activity of debris flow-instanced by Jinchuan County,Sichuan Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1992,6(3):59-65.(in Chinese)
[19] 颜长珍,冯毓荪.西北地区土地资源类型TM影像解译标志的建立[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(3):206-209.YAN Changzhen,FENG Yusun.Establishing the interpreting key system on TM image of land resoures types in Northwest China[J].Journal of Desert Research,1999,19(3):206-209.(in Chinese)
[20] 李艳富,王兆印,施文婧,等.汶川震区的坡面泥石流调查研究[J].泥沙研究,2011,35(1):1-7.LI Yanfu,WANG Zhaoyin,SHI Wenjing,et al.Investigation of slope debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake area[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2011,35(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[21] 冯杭建,唐小明,游省易.泥石流调查遥感解译新方法研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2008,19(3):124-129.FENG Hangjian,TANG Xiaoming,YOU Shengyi.New method on remote sensing interpretation for debris flow investigation[J].Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard & Control,2008,19(3):124-129.(in Chinese)
[22] 张晓东,刘湘南,赵志鹏,等.盐池县地质灾害遥感调查及空间分布特征[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(1):164-170.ZHANG Xiaodong,LIU Xiangnan,ZHAO Zhipeng,et al.Remote sensing investigation and spatial distribution characteristics of geological disasters in Yanchi County[J].Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2017,44(1):164-170.(in Chinese)
[23] 沈玉昌,龚国元.河流地貌学概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.SHEN Yuchang,GONG Guoyuan.An introduction to fluvial geomorphology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1986.(in Chinese)
[24] 侯兰功.西南山区泥石流沟流域形态统计分析——以云南小江流域为例[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(3):94-96.HOU Langong.Statistical analysis of valley morphology on debris flow gully in mountain area of Southwest——taking Xiaojiang valley in Yunnan Province as example[J].Research of Soil & Water Conservation,2006,13(3):94-96.
[2] 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所.中国泥石流[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000.Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS.Chinese Debris Flow[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2000.(in Chinese)
[3] 王灿.四川省金川县俄郎沟泥石流发育特征及治理工程研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2013.WANG Can.Research on the development characterristics and treatment engineering of elanggou debris flow in Jinchuan County of Sichuan Province[D].Chengdu:South West Jiao Tong University,2013.(in Chinese)
[4] 唐晓春.中国西南山区的泥石流防治及展望[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1995,15(3):105-112.TANG Xiaochun.Debris flow control and its future in mountain of southwest China[J].Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,1995,15(3):105-112.(in Chinese)
[5] 郭嘉仁.四川泥石流灾害规律探讨[J].中国减灾,1997,7(3):42-44.GUO Jiaren.Discussion on the law of debris flow disaster in Sichuan Province[J].Disaster Reduction in China,1997,7(3):42-44.(in Chinese)
[6] 谭万沛.中国泥石流危害的现状[J].水土保持通报,1989,9(6):10-14.TAN Wanpei.The current atate of debris flow disasters of China[J].Bulletin of Soil Water Conservation,1989,9(6):10-14.(in Chinese)
[7] 徐吉廷.四川阿坝州主要地质灾害特点及防御对策[J].灾害学,1999,14(3):46-49.XU Jiting.Characteristics of main ceological disastersin Aba prefecture,Sichuan Province and countermeasures against them[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1999,14(3):46-49.(in Chinese)
[8] 王猛,王军,江煜,等.汶川地震地质灾害遥感调查与空间特征分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2010,12(4):480-486.WANG Meng,WANG Jun,JIANG Yu,et al.The earthquake survey of geological hazards and spatial analysis in Wenchuan County[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2010,12(4):480-486.(in Chinese)
[9] 薛东剑,张东辉,何政伟 ,等.多源遥感影像融合技术在地质灾害调查中的应用[J].遥感技术与应用,2011,26(5):664-669.XUE Dongjian,ZHANG Donghui,HE Zhengwei,et al.Application of multi-source remote sensing image fusion in geohazard investigation[J].Remote Sensing Technology & Application,2011,26(5):664-669.(in Chinese)
[10] 方成,孙晓明,康慧,等.遥感技术在曹妃甸海岸带地质环境调查中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(3):119-127.FANG Cheng,SUN Xiaoming,KANG Hui,et al.Application of remote sensing technology to geological environment investigation in the Caofeidain coastal zone[J].Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2015,42(3):119-127.(in Chinese)
[11] 黄庭,张志,谷延群,等.基于遥感和GIS技术的北川县地震次生地质灾害分布特征[J].遥感学报,2009,13(1):177-182.HUANG Ting,ZHANG Zhi,GU Yanqun,et al.Distributed characteristics research of earthquake-induced secondary geological disasters in BeiChuan County:based on GIS and remote sensing[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,13(1):177-182.(in Chinese)
[12] 黄润秋,李为乐.“5·12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.HUANG Runqiu,LI Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics & Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.(in Chinese)
[13] 常鸣,唐川,李为乐,等.“4·20”芦山地震地质灾害遥感快速解译与空间分析[J].成都理工大学学报:自科版,2013,40(3):275-281.CHANG Ming,TANG Chuan,LI Weile,et al.Image interpretation and spatial analysis of geohazards induced by “|4·20” Lushan earthquake in epicenter area[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2013,40(3):275-281.(in Chinese)
[14] 许强,李为乐.汶川地震诱发大型滑坡分布规律研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):818-826.XU Qiang,LI Weile.Distribution of large-scale landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):818-826.(in Chinese)
[15] 杨迎冬,晏祥省,张红兵.云南省东川区泥石流灾害SPOT5遥感影像特征[J].灾害学,2010,25(4):59-62.YANG Yingdong,YAN Xiangsheng,ZHANG Hongbing.Characteristics of SPOT5 remote sensing images of debris-flow hazards in Dongchuan County,Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2010,25(4):59-62.(in Chinese)
[16] 童立强,聂洪峰,李建存,等.喜马拉雅山地区大型泥石流遥感调查与发育特征研究[J].国土资源遥感,2013,25(4):104-112.TONG Liqiang,NIE Hongfeng,LI Jiancun,et al.Survey of large-scale debris flow and study of its development characteristics using remote sensing technology in the Himalayas[J].Remote Sensing for Land & Resources,2013,25(4):104-112.(in Chinese)
[17] 周纵横,任光明,许英杰,等.汶川震区清平乡绵远河流域泥石流发育特征分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2017(1):30-35.ZHOU Zongheng,REN Guangming,XU Yingjie,et al.Characteristics of the debris flow in Qingping country of Mianyuan river basin,epicenter Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard & Control,2017(1):30-35.(in Chinese)
[18] 崔鹏.区域泥石流活动性的灰尘色预测:以金川县为例[J].水土保持学报,1992,6(3):59-65.CUI Peng.Grey forecast of regional activity of debris flow-instanced by Jinchuan County,Sichuan Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1992,6(3):59-65.(in Chinese)
[19] 颜长珍,冯毓荪.西北地区土地资源类型TM影像解译标志的建立[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(3):206-209.YAN Changzhen,FENG Yusun.Establishing the interpreting key system on TM image of land resoures types in Northwest China[J].Journal of Desert Research,1999,19(3):206-209.(in Chinese)
[20] 李艳富,王兆印,施文婧,等.汶川震区的坡面泥石流调查研究[J].泥沙研究,2011,35(1):1-7.LI Yanfu,WANG Zhaoyin,SHI Wenjing,et al.Investigation of slope debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake area[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2011,35(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[21] 冯杭建,唐小明,游省易.泥石流调查遥感解译新方法研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2008,19(3):124-129.FENG Hangjian,TANG Xiaoming,YOU Shengyi.New method on remote sensing interpretation for debris flow investigation[J].Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard & Control,2008,19(3):124-129.(in Chinese)
[22] 张晓东,刘湘南,赵志鹏,等.盐池县地质灾害遥感调查及空间分布特征[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(1):164-170.ZHANG Xiaodong,LIU Xiangnan,ZHAO Zhipeng,et al.Remote sensing investigation and spatial distribution characteristics of geological disasters in Yanchi County[J].Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2017,44(1):164-170.(in Chinese)
[23] 沈玉昌,龚国元.河流地貌学概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.SHEN Yuchang,GONG Guoyuan.An introduction to fluvial geomorphology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1986.(in Chinese)
[24] 侯兰功.西南山区泥石流沟流域形态统计分析——以云南小江流域为例[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(3):94-96.HOU Langong.Statistical analysis of valley morphology on debris flow gully in mountain area of Southwest——taking Xiaojiang valley in Yunnan Province as example[J].Research of Soil & Water Conservation,2006,13(3):94-96.