小麦及其副产物在猪营养中的价值
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摘要
小麦是猪饲料中重要的能量原料,其淀粉含量高,与蛋白原料相比,其粗蛋白质含量相对较低,但其含大量必需氨基酸氨基酸。小麦副产物如麦麸、次粉和小麦酒糟及其可溶物在猪营养中越来越受到重视。特别是用于生物燃料生产后的小麦副产物,它们具有较高的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪水平。此外,小麦含有不同比例的非淀粉多糖,包括阿拉伯木聚糖、β-葡聚糖和果胶,这些成分可作为营养成分,但也可能影响营养物质的消化率。在以小麦和小麦副产物为基础的日粮中使用饲用酶可以降低非淀粉多糖对营养和能量消化率的负面影响,从而提高这些饲料成分的饲用价值。此外,一些加工方法,如粉碎、膨化、制粒、超微粉、发酵、青贮等均可提高猪饲粮中小麦的营养和能量消化率。本文对小麦及其副产物在猪营养中的营养价值进行综述,为其在猪营养中的应用价值提供参考。
Wheat is an important energy ingredient in pig diet due to its high starch contents. The crude protein content in wheat is rather low compared to protein ingredients,but due to its high dietary inclusion level wheat provides significant amounts of indispensable amino acids for pig diets. The by-products of wheat such as wheat bran,wheat middlings and wheat distillers dried grains with solubles have gained increasing attention in pig nutrition. As the processing of wheat for biofuel production resulted in the production of different by-products characterized by relatively high crude protein and crude fat contents. Moreover,wheat contains various proportions of non-starch polysaccharides including arabinoxylans,β-glucans and pectins. These components can be used as dietetic components,but they also may interfere with nutrient digestibility. The use of feed enzymes in diets based on wheat and wheat by-products may reduce the negative effects of non-starch polysaccharides on nutrient and energy digestibility,then improving the feeding value of these feed ingredients. Accordingly,some processing procedures,such as grinding,extruding,pelleting,micronizing,fermenting and ensiling can improve the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat in diets for pigs. The object of the present study is to review the information on the nutritive value of wheat and its by-products in pig nutrition,to provide data for its application value in pig nutrition.
Wheat is an important energy ingredient in pig diet due to its high starch contents. The crude protein content in wheat is rather low compared to protein ingredients,but due to its high dietary inclusion level wheat provides significant amounts of indispensable amino acids for pig diets. The by-products of wheat such as wheat bran,wheat middlings and wheat distillers dried grains with solubles have gained increasing attention in pig nutrition. As the processing of wheat for biofuel production resulted in the production of different by-products characterized by relatively high crude protein and crude fat contents. Moreover,wheat contains various proportions of non-starch polysaccharides including arabinoxylans,β-glucans and pectins. These components can be used as dietetic components,but they also may interfere with nutrient digestibility. The use of feed enzymes in diets based on wheat and wheat by-products may reduce the negative effects of non-starch polysaccharides on nutrient and energy digestibility,then improving the feeding value of these feed ingredients. Accordingly,some processing procedures,such as grinding,extruding,pelleting,micronizing,fermenting and ensiling can improve the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat in diets for pigs. The object of the present study is to review the information on the nutritive value of wheat and its by-products in pig nutrition,to provide data for its application value in pig nutrition.
引文
[1]林琳.小麦麸皮的营养成分及其开发利用[J].农业科技与装备,2010,3:41~42.
[2]吕惠珠,韩建林,位国臣,等.小麦品质性状间的相关分析[J].莱阳农学院学报,2002,19:267~269.
[3]秦中庆,王美芳,薛英杰,等.小麦淀粉品质的研究[J].粮食与饲料工业,2001,9:6~8.
[4]Barrera M,Cervantes M,Sauer W C et al.Ileal amino acid digestibility and performance of growing pigs fedwheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase[J].J Anim Sci,2004,82:1997~2003.
[5]Barron C,Surget A,Rouau X.Relative amounts of tissues in mature wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)grain and their carbohydrate and phenolic acidcomposition[J].J Cereal Sci,2007,45:88~96.
[6]Benz J M,Linneen S K,Tokach M D et al.Effects of dried distillers grainswith solubles on carcass fat quality of finishing pigs[J].JAnim Sci,2010,88:3666~3682.
[7]Bedford M R.Review article:exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition-their current value and future benefits[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2000,86:1~13.
[8]Belderok B.2000.Survey of gluten proteins and wheat starches[M].Kluwer Academic Publishers,The Netherlands,2000,30~39.
[9]Cadogan D J,Choct M,Campbell R G.Effects of storage time and exogenous xylanase supplementation of new season wheats on the performanceof young male pigs[J].Can J Anim Sci,2003,83:105~112.
[10]Canibe N,Hojberg O,Badsberg J H et al.Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed and fermented grain on gastrointestinal ecology and growthperformance in piglets[J].J Anim Sci,2007,85:2959~2971.
[11]Emiola I A,Opapeju F O,Slominski B A et al.Growth performance and nutrient digestibility in pigs fed wheat distillers dried grains withsolubles-based diets supplemented with a multicarbohydrase enzyme[J].J Anim Sci,2009,87:2315~2322.
[12]Fan M Z,Sauer W C,Li S.The additivity of the digestible energy and apparent ileal digestible amino acid supply in barley,wheat and canola mealor soybean meal diets for growing pigs[J].JAnim Physiol Anim Nutr,1993,70:72~81.
[13]Gill B P,Mellange J,Rooke J A.Growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets offered wheat-,barley-or sugar-beetpulp-based diets supplemented with food enzymes[J].Anim Sci,2000,70:107~118.
[14]Hassan E G,Awad Alkareem A M,Mustafa A M.Effect of fermentation and particle size of wheat bran on the antinutritional factors and breadquality[J].Pakistan J Nutr,2008,7:521~526.
[15]Jha R,Bindelle J,van Kessel A et al.In vitro fibre fermentation of feed ingredients with varying fermentable carbohydrate and proteinlevels and protein synthesis by colonic bacteria isolated from pigs[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2011,165:191~200.
[16]Jorgensen H,Sholly D,Pedersen A O et al.Fermentation of cereals-Influence on digestibility of nutrients in growingpigs[J].Livest Sci,2010,134:56~58.
[17]Kim J C,Mullan B P,Simmins P H et al.Variation in the chemical composition of wheats grown in Western Australia as influenced by variety,growing region,season,and post-harvest storage[J].Aust J Agric Res,2003,54:541~550.
[18]Lahaye L,Ganier P,Thibault J et al.Technological processes of feed manufacturing affect protein endogenous losses and amino acidavailability for body protein deposition in pigs[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2004,113:141~156.
[19]Lasek O,Barteczko J,Augustyn R et al.Nutritional and energy value of wheat cultivars for broiler chickens[J].J Anim Feed Sci,2011,20:246~258.
[20]Liu K.Chemical composition of distillers grains,a review[J].JAgric Food Chem,2011,59:1508~1526.
[21]Lyberg K,Lundh T,Pedersen C et al.Influence of soaking,fermentation and phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility in pigsoffered a grower diet based on wheat and barley[J].Anim Sci,2006,82:853~858.
[22]Molist F,Hermes R G,de Segura A G et al.Effect and interaction between wheat bran and zincoxide on productive performance and intestinal health in post-weaning piglets[J].Br JNutr,2011,105:1592~1600.
[23]Nortey T N,Patience J F,Sands J S et al.Effects of xylanase supplementation on the apparent digestibility and digestiblecontent of energy,amino acids,phosphorus,and calcium in wheat and wheat by-products from dry milling fed to grower pigs[J].J Anim Sci,2008,86:3450~3464.
[24]Pedersen C,Boersma M G,Stein H H.Energy and nutrient digestibility in NutriDense corn and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs[J].J Anim Sci,2007,85:2473~2483.
[25]Regmi P R,Ferguson N S,Zijlstra R T.In vitro digestibility techniques to predict apparent total tract energy digestibility of wheat in grower pigs[J].J Anim Sci,2009,87:3620~3629.
[26]Slominski B A,Boros D,Campbell L D et al.Wheat byproducts in poultry nutrition.Part I.Chemical and nutritive compositionof wheat screenings,bakery by-products and wheat mill run[J].Can J Anim Sci,2004,84:421~428.
[27]Smith T C,Kindred D R,Brosnan J M et al.Wheat as a feedstock for alcohol production[J].HGCA Research Review,2006,61:88.
[28]Steenfeldt S.The dietary effect of different wheat cultivars for broiler chickens[J].Br Poult Sci,2001,42:595~609.
[29]Widyaratne G P,Zijlstra R T.Nutritional value of wheat and corn distiller’s dried grain with solubles:digestibility and digestible contents of energy,amino acids and phosphorus,nutrient excretion and growth performance of grower-finisher pigs[J].Can J Anim Sci,2007,87:103~114.
[30]Yin Y L,McEvoy J D,Schulze H et al.Apparent digestibility(ileal and overall)of nutrients and endogenousnitrogen losses in growing pigs fed wheat(var.Soissons)or its by-products without or with xylanase supplementation[J].Livest Prod Sci,2000,62:119~132.
[2]吕惠珠,韩建林,位国臣,等.小麦品质性状间的相关分析[J].莱阳农学院学报,2002,19:267~269.
[3]秦中庆,王美芳,薛英杰,等.小麦淀粉品质的研究[J].粮食与饲料工业,2001,9:6~8.
[4]Barrera M,Cervantes M,Sauer W C et al.Ileal amino acid digestibility and performance of growing pigs fedwheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase[J].J Anim Sci,2004,82:1997~2003.
[5]Barron C,Surget A,Rouau X.Relative amounts of tissues in mature wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)grain and their carbohydrate and phenolic acidcomposition[J].J Cereal Sci,2007,45:88~96.
[6]Benz J M,Linneen S K,Tokach M D et al.Effects of dried distillers grainswith solubles on carcass fat quality of finishing pigs[J].JAnim Sci,2010,88:3666~3682.
[7]Bedford M R.Review article:exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition-their current value and future benefits[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2000,86:1~13.
[8]Belderok B.2000.Survey of gluten proteins and wheat starches[M].Kluwer Academic Publishers,The Netherlands,2000,30~39.
[9]Cadogan D J,Choct M,Campbell R G.Effects of storage time and exogenous xylanase supplementation of new season wheats on the performanceof young male pigs[J].Can J Anim Sci,2003,83:105~112.
[10]Canibe N,Hojberg O,Badsberg J H et al.Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed and fermented grain on gastrointestinal ecology and growthperformance in piglets[J].J Anim Sci,2007,85:2959~2971.
[11]Emiola I A,Opapeju F O,Slominski B A et al.Growth performance and nutrient digestibility in pigs fed wheat distillers dried grains withsolubles-based diets supplemented with a multicarbohydrase enzyme[J].J Anim Sci,2009,87:2315~2322.
[12]Fan M Z,Sauer W C,Li S.The additivity of the digestible energy and apparent ileal digestible amino acid supply in barley,wheat and canola mealor soybean meal diets for growing pigs[J].JAnim Physiol Anim Nutr,1993,70:72~81.
[13]Gill B P,Mellange J,Rooke J A.Growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets offered wheat-,barley-or sugar-beetpulp-based diets supplemented with food enzymes[J].Anim Sci,2000,70:107~118.
[14]Hassan E G,Awad Alkareem A M,Mustafa A M.Effect of fermentation and particle size of wheat bran on the antinutritional factors and breadquality[J].Pakistan J Nutr,2008,7:521~526.
[15]Jha R,Bindelle J,van Kessel A et al.In vitro fibre fermentation of feed ingredients with varying fermentable carbohydrate and proteinlevels and protein synthesis by colonic bacteria isolated from pigs[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2011,165:191~200.
[16]Jorgensen H,Sholly D,Pedersen A O et al.Fermentation of cereals-Influence on digestibility of nutrients in growingpigs[J].Livest Sci,2010,134:56~58.
[17]Kim J C,Mullan B P,Simmins P H et al.Variation in the chemical composition of wheats grown in Western Australia as influenced by variety,growing region,season,and post-harvest storage[J].Aust J Agric Res,2003,54:541~550.
[18]Lahaye L,Ganier P,Thibault J et al.Technological processes of feed manufacturing affect protein endogenous losses and amino acidavailability for body protein deposition in pigs[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2004,113:141~156.
[19]Lasek O,Barteczko J,Augustyn R et al.Nutritional and energy value of wheat cultivars for broiler chickens[J].J Anim Feed Sci,2011,20:246~258.
[20]Liu K.Chemical composition of distillers grains,a review[J].JAgric Food Chem,2011,59:1508~1526.
[21]Lyberg K,Lundh T,Pedersen C et al.Influence of soaking,fermentation and phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility in pigsoffered a grower diet based on wheat and barley[J].Anim Sci,2006,82:853~858.
[22]Molist F,Hermes R G,de Segura A G et al.Effect and interaction between wheat bran and zincoxide on productive performance and intestinal health in post-weaning piglets[J].Br JNutr,2011,105:1592~1600.
[23]Nortey T N,Patience J F,Sands J S et al.Effects of xylanase supplementation on the apparent digestibility and digestiblecontent of energy,amino acids,phosphorus,and calcium in wheat and wheat by-products from dry milling fed to grower pigs[J].J Anim Sci,2008,86:3450~3464.
[24]Pedersen C,Boersma M G,Stein H H.Energy and nutrient digestibility in NutriDense corn and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs[J].J Anim Sci,2007,85:2473~2483.
[25]Regmi P R,Ferguson N S,Zijlstra R T.In vitro digestibility techniques to predict apparent total tract energy digestibility of wheat in grower pigs[J].J Anim Sci,2009,87:3620~3629.
[26]Slominski B A,Boros D,Campbell L D et al.Wheat byproducts in poultry nutrition.Part I.Chemical and nutritive compositionof wheat screenings,bakery by-products and wheat mill run[J].Can J Anim Sci,2004,84:421~428.
[27]Smith T C,Kindred D R,Brosnan J M et al.Wheat as a feedstock for alcohol production[J].HGCA Research Review,2006,61:88.
[28]Steenfeldt S.The dietary effect of different wheat cultivars for broiler chickens[J].Br Poult Sci,2001,42:595~609.
[29]Widyaratne G P,Zijlstra R T.Nutritional value of wheat and corn distiller’s dried grain with solubles:digestibility and digestible contents of energy,amino acids and phosphorus,nutrient excretion and growth performance of grower-finisher pigs[J].Can J Anim Sci,2007,87:103~114.
[30]Yin Y L,McEvoy J D,Schulze H et al.Apparent digestibility(ileal and overall)of nutrients and endogenousnitrogen losses in growing pigs fed wheat(var.Soissons)or its by-products without or with xylanase supplementation[J].Livest Prod Sci,2000,62:119~132.